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{{Hatnote group|
{{for|the university in Tennessee|Lincoln Memorial University}}
{{Redirect|Lincoln Monument||Lincoln (disambiguation)#Memorials and monuments}}
}}
{{stack begin}}
{{Infobox NRHP
| name = Lincoln Memorial
| nrhp_type = nmem
| image = Aerial view of Lincoln Memorial - east side EDIT.jpeg{{!}}border
| image_size = 250px
| caption = A aerial view of the Lincoln Memorial on 16th May, 2010
| location = [[National Mall]], [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.
| coordinates = {{coord|38|53|21.4|N|77|3|0.5|W|type:landmark_region:US-DC|display=inline,title}}
| locmapin = United States Washington, D.C. central#Washington, D.C.
| built = 1914–1922
| architect = [[Henry Bacon]] (architect)<br />[[Daniel Chester French]] (sculptor)
| architecture = [[Greek Revival architecture|Greek Revival]]<ref name="nris"/>
| visitation_num = 8,099,148
| visitation_year = 2023
| visitation_ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Park Ranking Report for Recreation Visits in: 2023 |url=https://irma.nps.gov/Stats/SSRSReports/National%20Reports/Annual%20Park%20Ranking%20Report%20(1979%20-%20Last%20Calendar%20Year)|website=nps.gov |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=March 23, 2024 }}</ref>
| area = {{convert|27336|ft2|m2}}
| added = October 15, 1966
| website = [https://www.nps.gov/linc/index.htm Lincoln Memorial]
| refnum = 66000030<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2007a}}</ref>
}}{{stack end}}
The '''Lincoln Memorial''' is a [[List of national memorials of the United States|U.S. national memorial]] that honors the [[List of presidents of the United States|16th]] [[president of the United States]], [[Abraham Lincoln]]. An example of [[Neoclassical architecture|neoclassicism]], it is in the form of a classical temple and is located at the western end of the [[National Mall]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] [[Henry Bacon]] is the memorial's architect and [[Daniel Chester French]] designed the large interior statue of a seated ''[[Statue of Abraham Lincoln (Lincoln Memorial)|Abraham Lincoln]]'' (1920), which was carved in marble by the [[Piccirilli Brothers|Piccirilli brothers]].<ref>[http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/cultural_diversity/Lincoln_Memorial_National_Memorial.html "Lincoln Memorial National Memorial; Washington, DC] [[National Park Service]]</ref> [[Jules Guerin]] painted the interior murals, and the epitaph above the statue was written by [[Royal Cortissoz]]. Dedicated on May 30, 1922, it is one of several [[Presidential memorials in the United States|memorials built to honor an American president]]. It has been a major tourist attraction since its opening, and over the years, has occasionally been used as a symbolic center focused on [[race relations]] and civil rights.
[[Doric order|Doric]] style columns line the temple exterior, and the inscriptions inside include two well-known speeches by Lincoln, [[the Gettysburg Address]] and [[Abraham Lincoln's second inaugural address|his second inaugural address]]. The memorial has been the site of many famous speeches and songs, including [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]'s "[[I Have a Dream]]" speech was delivered on August 28, 1963, during the rally at the end of the [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom]].
Like other monuments on the National Mall{{snd}}including the nearby [[Vietnam Veterans Memorial]], [[Korean War Veterans Memorial]], and [[World War II Memorial]] – the [[List of national memorials of the United States|national memorial]] is administered by the [[National Park Service]] under its [[National Mall and Memorial Parks]] group. It has been listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] since October 15, 1966, and was ranked seventh on the [[American Institute of Architects]]' 2007 list of [[America's Favorite Architecture]]. The memorial is open to the public 24 hours a day, and more than seven million people visit it annually.<ref>[https://irma.nps.gov/Stats/SSRSReports/Park%20Specific%20Reports/Annual%20Park%20Recreation%20Visitation%20%281904%20-%20Last%20Calendar%20Year%29?Park=LINC "Annual Park Recreation Visitation (1904 – Last Calendar Year)"] [[National Park Service]]</ref>
==History==
[[File:West Potomac Park c1912 prior to construction of the Lincoln Memorial.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|Future site of the Memorial, c.{{nbsp}}1912]]
[[File: Taft-Harding-Lincoln.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Chief Justice [[William Howard Taft]], President [[Warren G. Harding|Harding]], and Abraham Lincoln's son, [[Robert Todd Lincoln]], at the dedication of the Lincoln Memorial, May 30, 1922]]
The first public memorial to [[President of the United States|United States President]] [[Abraham Lincoln]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], was [[Statue of Abraham Lincoln (District of Columbia City Hall)|a statue]] by [[Lot Flannery]] erected in front of the [[District of Columbia City Hall]] in 1868, three years after [[Assassination of Abraham Lincoln|Lincoln's assassination]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Renovation and Expansion of the Historic DC Courthouse|url=http://www.dcappeals.gov/dccourts/appeals/pdf/appeals_renovation_expansion.pdf|publisher=DC Court of Appeals|access-date=5 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105052517/http://www.dcappeals.gov/dccourts/appeals/pdf/appeals_renovation_expansion.pdf|archive-date=5 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Washington's Lincoln: The First Monument to the Martyred President|url=http://intowner.com/2016/01/11/washingtons-lincoln-the-first-monument-to-the-martyred-president/|publisher=The Intowner|access-date=29 June 2016|archive-date=14 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114225609/http://intowner.com/2016/01/11/washingtons-lincoln-the-first-monument-to-the-martyred-president/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Demands for a fitting national memorial had been voiced since the time of Lincoln's death. In 1867, [[United State Congress|Congress]] passed the first of many bills incorporating a commission to erect a monument for the sixteenth president. An American sculptor, [[Clark Mills (sculptor)|Clark Mills]], was chosen to design the monument. His plans reflected the nationalistic spirit of the time and called for a {{convert|70|ft|m|adj=on}} structure adorned with six equestrian and 31 pedestrian statues of colossal proportions, crowned by a {{convert|12|ft|m|adj=on}} statue of Abraham Lincoln. Subscriptions for the project were insufficient.<ref name=nrhp4>NRHP Nomination, p. 4</ref>
[[File:Lincoln Memorial Under Construction 1916.jpg|left|thumb|The Memorial under construction, July 1916]][[File:Lincoln Memorial Dedication with President Harding crop.jpg|thumb|[[President of the United States|United States President]] [[Warren G. Harding]] speaking at the dedication, 1922]]The matter lay dormant until the start of the 20th century, when, under the leadership of [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[Shelby M. Cullom]] of [[Illinois]], six separate bills were introduced in Congress for the incorporation of a new memorial commission. The first five bills, proposed in the years 1901, 1902, and 1908, met with defeat because of opposition from Speaker [[Joseph Gurney Cannon|Joe Cannon]]. The sixth bill (Senate Bill 9449), introduced on December 13, 1910, passed. The Lincoln Memorial Commission had its first meeting the following year and [[President of the United States|United States President]] [[William H. Taft]] was chosen as the commission's president. Progress continued steadily, and by 1913 Congress had approved the commission's choice of design and location.<ref name="nrhp4" />
There were questions regarding the commission's plan. Many thought architect Henry Bacon's Greek temple design was far too ostentatious for a man of Lincoln's humble character. Instead, they proposed a simple log cabin shrine. The site too did not go unopposed. The recently reclaimed land in [[West Potomac Park]] was seen by many as either too swampy or too inaccessible. Other sites, such as [[Union Station (Washington, D.C.)|Union Station]], were put forth. The Commission stood firm in its recommendation, feeling that the Potomac Park location, situated on the [[Washington Monument]]–[[United States Capitol|Capitol]] axis, overlooking the [[Potomac River]] and surrounded by open land, was ideal. Furthermore, the Potomac Park site had already been designated in the [[McMillan Plan]] of 1901 to be the location of a future monument comparable to that of the Washington Monument.<ref name=nrhp4/><ref>Thomas, Christopher A. (2002) ''The Lincoln Memorial and American Life'' Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|069101194X}}</ref>
With Congressional approval and a $300,000 allocation, the project got underway. On February 12, 1914, contractor M. F. Comer of Toledo, Ohio; resident member of the memorial's commission, former Senator Joseph C. S. Blackburn of Kentucky; and the memorial's designer, Henry Bacon conducted a groundbreaking ceremony by turning over a few spadefuls of earth.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83045462/1914-02-12/ed-1/?st=text&r=0.841,0.403,0.173,0.167,0 |website=Library of Congress |access-date=29 March 2022|title=Image 1 of Evening star (Washington, D.C.), February 12, 1914 }}</ref> The following month is when actual construction began. Work progressed steadily according to schedule. Some changes were made to the plan. The statue of Lincoln, originally designed to be {{convert|10|ft|m}} tall, was enlarged to {{convert|19|ft|m}} to prevent it from being overwhelmed by the huge chamber. As late as 1920, the decision was made to substitute an open portal for the bronze and glass grille which was to have guarded the entrance. Despite these changes, the Memorial was finished on schedule. Commission president William H. Taft – who was then Chief Justice of the United States – dedicated the Memorial on May 30, 1922, and presented it to [[President of the United States|United States President]] [[Warren G. Harding]], who accepted it on behalf of the American people. Lincoln's only surviving son, 78-year-old [[Robert Todd Lincoln]], was in attendance.<ref name=nrhp5>NRHP Nomination, p. 5</ref> Prominent African Americans were invited to the event and discovered upon arrival they were assigned a segregated section guarded by [[U.S. Marines]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Yellin|first=Eric S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fixBOW3902UC&q=Whitefield+J.+McKinlay&pg=PA176|title=Racism in the Nation's Service: Government Workers and the Color Line in Woodrow Wilson's America|date=2013-04-22|publisher=UNC Press Books|isbn=978-1-4696-0721-4|language=en}}</ref>
The Memorial was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] on October 15, 1966.<ref name=nrhp6>NRHP Nomination, p. 6</ref>
==Exterior==
The exterior of the Memorial echoes a classic [[Greek temple]] and features [[Yule marble]] quarried from [[Colorado]]. The structure measures {{convert|189.7|by|118.5|ft|m}} and is {{convert|99|ft|m}} tall. It is surrounded by a [[peristyle]] of 36 [[Fluting (architecture)|fluted]] [[Doric column]]s, one for each of the 36 states in the Union at the time of Lincoln's death, and two columns [[Anta (architecture)|in-antis]] at the entrance behind the [[colonnade]]. The columns stand {{convert|44|ft|m}} tall with a base diameter of {{convert|7.5|ft|m}}. Each column is built from 12 drums including the [[Capital (architecture)|capital]]. The columns, like the exterior walls and facades, are inclined slightly toward the building's interior. This is to compensate for perspective distortions which would otherwise make the memorial appear to bulge out at the top when compared with the bottom, a common feature of [[Ancient Greek architecture]].<ref name=nrhp2>NRHP Nomination, p. 2</ref>
[[File:Lincoln Memorial Friezes crop.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.25|Detail of the Memorial's [[frieze]]s]]
Above the colonnade, inscribed on the [[frieze]], are the names of the 36 states in the Union at the time of [[Assassination of Abraham Lincoln|Lincoln's death]] and the dates in which they entered the Union.<ref group=Note>The date for Ohio was incorrectly entered as 1802, as opposed to the correct year, 1803.</ref> Their names are separated by double wreath medallions in [[bas-relief]]. The [[cornice]] is composed of a carved scroll regularly interspersed with projecting lions' heads and ornamented with palmetto cresting along the upper edge. Above this on the attic frieze are inscribed the names of the 48 states present at the time of the Memorial's dedication. A bit higher is a [[garland]] joined by ribbons and palm leaves, supported by the wings of eagles. All ornamentation on the friezes and cornices was done by [[Ernest C. Bairstow]].<ref name=nrhp2/>
The Memorial is anchored in a concrete foundation, {{convert|44|to|66|ft|m}} in depth, constructed by M. F. Comer and Company and the National Foundation and Engineering Company, and is encompassed by a {{convert|187|by|257|ft|m|adj=on}} rectangular granite [[retaining wall]] measuring {{convert|14|ft|m}} in height.<ref name=nrhp2/>
Leading up to the shrine on the east side are the main steps. Beginning at the edge of the [[Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool|Reflecting Pool]], the steps rise to the '''Lincoln Memorial Circle''' roadway surrounding the edifice, then to the main portal, intermittently spaced with a series of platforms. Flanking the steps as they approach the entrance are two buttresses each crowned with an {{convert|11|ft|m|adj=on}} tall tripod carved from pink [[Tennessee marble]]<ref name=nrhp2/> by the Piccirilli Brothers.<ref>Concklin, Edward F. (1927) ''The Lincoln Memorial, Washington''. [[United States Government Printing Office]]</ref> There are a total of 87 steps (58 steps from the chamber to the plaza and 29 steps from the plaza to the Reflecting Pool).<ref>{{cite web |title=Lincoln Memorial - Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://www.nps.gov/linc/faqs.htm#:~:text=How%20many%20steps%20are%20there,chamber%20to%20the%20reflecting%20pool. |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=29 May 2022}}</ref>
==Interior==
[[File:Lincoln Memorial, "I Have a Dream" 50th anniversary.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|President [[Barack Obama]], First Lady [[Michelle Obama]], and former Presidents [[Jimmy Carter]] and [[Bill Clinton]] walk past [[Statue of Abraham Lincoln (Lincoln Memorial)|President Lincoln's statue]] to participate in the 2013 50th anniversary ceremony of the historic [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom|March on Washington]] and [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]'s "[[I Have a Dream]]" speech]]
The Memorial's interior is divided into three chambers by two rows of four [[Ionic column]]s, each {{convert|50|ft|m}} tall and {{convert|5.5|ft|m}} across at their base. The central chamber, housing the statue of Lincoln, is {{convert|60|ft|m}} wide, {{convert|74|ft|m}} deep, and {{convert|60|ft|m}} high.<ref>U. S. Office of Public Buildings and Public Parks. [https://www.nps.gov/linc/learn/historyculture/lincoln-memorial-building-statistics.htm ''Lincoln Memorial Building Statistics'']</ref> The north and south chambers display carved inscriptions of Lincoln's [[Lincoln's second inaugural address|second inaugural address]] and his [[Gettysburg Address]].<ref group=Note>In the line from the second inaugural, "With high hope for the future," the ''F'' in ''FUTURE'' was carved as an ''E''. To obscure this error the spurious bottom line of the E is not painted in with black paint.</ref> Bordering these inscriptions are [[pilaster]]s ornamented with [[fasces]], eagles, and wreaths. The inscriptions and adjoining ornamentation are by [[Evelyn Beatrice Longman]].<ref name=nrhp2/>
The Memorial is replete with symbolic elements. The 36 columns represent the states of the Union at the time of [[Assassination of Abraham Lincoln|Lincoln's death]]; the 48 stone festoons above the columns represent the 48 states in 1922. Inside, each inscription is surmounted by a {{convert|60|by|12|ft|m|adj=on}} mural by [[Jules Guerin]] portraying principles seen as evident in Lincoln's life: Freedom, Liberty, Morality, Justice, and the Law on the south wall; Unity, Fraternity, and Charity on the north. Cypress trees, representing Eternity, are in the murals' backgrounds. The murals' paint incorporated kerosene and wax to protect the exposed artwork from fluctuations in temperature and moisture.<ref name=nrhp3>NRHP Nomination, p. 3</ref>
The ceiling consists of bronze girders ornamented with laurel and oak leaves. Between these are panels of [[Sylacauga marble|Alabama marble]], saturated with [[Mineral oil|paraffin]] to increase translucency. But feeling that the statue required even more light, Bacon and French designed metal slats for the ceiling to conceal floodlights, which could be modulated to supplement the natural light; this modification was installed in 1929. The one major alteration since was the addition of an elevator for the disabled in the 1970s.<ref name=nrhp3/>
=== Undercroft ===
Below the memorial is an [[undercroft]]. Due to water seeping through the calcium carbonate within the marble, over time [[stalactite]]s and [[stalagmite]]s have formed within it.<ref>[[United Press]] (August 28, 1957) [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2245&dat=19570828&id=znIzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=zu4HAAAAIBAJ&pg=4867,7051275 "Lincoln Memorial has some stalactites"] ''[[Lodi News-Sentinel]]''</ref> During construction, [[graffiti]] was scrawled on it by workers,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Avery|first=Jim|date=July 19, 2017|title=5 World-Famous Landmarks That Have Totally Weirdo Secrets|url=https://www.cracked.com/article_24904_5-famous-buildings-with-bizarre-hidden-easter-eggs.html|access-date=June 30, 2021|website=Cracked}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Rivera and Weinstein|first=Gloria and Janet|date=September 2, 2016|title=Take a 'Historic Graffiti' Tour Under the Lincoln Memorial|work=ABC News|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/historic-graffiti-tour-lincoln-memorial/story?id=41805221|access-date=June 30, 2021}}</ref> and is considered historical by the [[National Park Service]].<ref name=":0" /> During the 1970s and 1980s, there were regular tours of the undercroft.<ref>Hodge, Paul (October 27, 1977) [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1977/10/27/whats-afoot-under-abe-lincolns-feet/f48997a6-1f6a-466d-b3fe-2b9ad2db4532/ "What's Afoot Under Abe Lincoln's Feet?"] ''[[The Washington Post]]''</ref> The tours stopped abruptly in 1989 after a visitor noticed [[asbestos]] and notified the Service.<ref>Twoomey, Steve (April 9, 1990) [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1990/04/09/monuments-losing-battle-with-erosion/1c59551e-bdc4-4c0c-9cf7-47e51c74da7c/ "Monuments Losing Battle with Erosion"] ''[[The Washington Post]]''</ref> For the memorial's centennial in 2022, the undercroft is planned to be open to visitors following a rehabilitation project funded by [[David Rubenstein]].<ref>Staff (ndg) [https://parkplanning.nps.gov/projectHome.cfm?projectId=66405 "Lincoln Center Rehabilitation"] [[National Park Service]] website</ref><ref>Reid, Chip (November 23, 2016) [https://www.cbsnews.com/news/lincoln-memorial-prepares-for-long-awaited-makeover-david-rubenstein/ "Lincoln Memorial to get long-awaited makeover, underground visitor's center"] [[CBS News]]</ref>
==Statue==
{{Main|Statue of Abraham Lincoln (Lincoln Memorial)}}
{| class="toccolours" style="float: left; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 1em; font-size: 101%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:22em; max-width:50%" cellspacing="5"
| align="center"|
'''IN THIS TEMPLE'''<br />
'''AS IN THE HEARTS OF THE PEOPLE'''<br />
'''FOR WHOM HE SAVED THE UNION'''<br />
'''THE MEMORY OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN'''<br />
'''IS ENSHRINED FOREVER'''
|-
| align="right"|—Epitaph by [[Royal Cortissoz]]
|}[[File:Lincoln Memorial.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|''[[Statue of Abraham Lincoln (Lincoln Memorial)|Abraham Lincoln]]'', by [[Daniel Chester French]]]]
Lying between the north and south chambers of the open-air Memorial is the central hall, which contains the large solitary figure of Abraham Lincoln sitting in contemplation. Its sculptor, [[Daniel Chester French]], supervised the six [[Piccirilli Brothers|Piccirilli brothers]] (Ferruccio, Attilio, Furio, Masaniello, Orazio, and Getulio) in its construction, and it took four years to complete.
[[File:The Lincoln Memorial Statue, with inscription in background.jpg|alt=Photo of the Lincoln Memorial Statue, with inscription in background|left|thumb|The Lincoln Memorial Statue, with inscription in background]]
The {{convert|175|ST|MT|adj=on|lk=on}} statue, carved from Georgia white marble, was shipped in 28 pieces.<ref name=nrhp3/> Originally intended to be only {{convert|10|ft|m}} tall, the sculpture was enlarged to {{convert|19|ft|m}} from head to foot considering it would look small within the extensive interior space.<ref name="dupre">{{cite book|last=Dupré, Judith|author-link=Judith Dupré| date= 2007 | title= Monuments: America's History in Art and Memory | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6kUaAQAAIAAJ | location=New York | publisher= Random House | pages= 86–95| isbn=978-1-4000-6582-0}}</ref> If Lincoln were depicted standing, he would be {{convert|28|ft|m}} tall.
The widest span of the statue corresponds to its height, and it rests upon an oblong pedestal of Tennessee marble {{convert|10|ft|m}} high, {{convert|16|ft|m}} wide, and {{convert|17|ft|m}} deep. Directly beneath this lies a platform of Tennessee marble about {{convert|34.5|ft|m}} long, {{convert|28|ft|m}} wide, and {{convert|6.5|in|m}} high. Lincoln's arms rest on representations of Roman fasces, a subtle touch that associates the statue with the Augustan (and imperial) theme (obelisk and funerary monuments) of the Washington Mall.<ref>See [[Edmund Buchner|Buchner, Edmund]] (1976). "''Solarium Augusti'' und Ara Pacis", Römische Mitteilungen 83: 319–375; (1988). ''Die Sonnenuhr des Augustus: Kaiser Augustus und die verlorene Republik'' (Berlin); P. Zanker [http://www.uark.edu/ua/metis2/zanker/zanker_txt2.html The Augustan Program of Cultural Renewal] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120530141305/http://www.uark.edu/ua/metis2/zanker/zanker_txt2.html |date=2012-05-30 }} for a full discussion of the [[Solarium Augusti|Augustan solarium]] and its architectural features.</ref> The statue is discretely bordered by two pilasters, one on each side. Between these pilasters, and above Lincoln's head, is engraved an epitaph of Lincoln<ref name=nrhp3/> by [[Royal Cortissoz]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Lincoln Memorial Design Individuals |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |url=http://www.nps.gov/linc/historyculture/lincoln-memorial-design-individuals.htm |access-date=2009-11-02}}</ref>
===Sculptural features===
[[File:Abraham Lincoln Stands Guard.jpg|thumb|The sculptor's possible use of sign language is speculated, as the statue's left hand forms an "A" while the right hand portrays an "L"]]
An [[urban legend]] holds that the face of General [[Robert E. Lee]] is carved onto the back of Lincoln's head,<ref name=npsfaq /> and looks back across the Potomac toward his former home, [[Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial|Arlington House]] (now within the bounds of [[Arlington National Cemetery]]). Another popular legend is that Lincoln's hands are shown using [[sign language]] to represent his initials, his left hand signing an ''A'' and his right signing an ''L''. The National Park Service denies both legends.<ref name=npsfaq>[http://www.nps.gov/linc/faqs.htm "Lincoln Memorial: Frequently Asked Questions"] on the [[National Park Service]] website</ref>
However, historian Gerald Prokopowicz writes that, while it is not clear that sculptor Daniel Chester French intended Lincoln's hands to be formed into sign language versions of his initials, it is possible that French did intend it. French was familiar with [[American Sign Language]], and he would have had a reason to do so, to pay tribute to Lincoln for having signed the federal legislation giving [[Gallaudet University]], a university for the deaf, the authority to grant college degrees.<ref>Prokopowicz, Gerald J. (2008) ''Did Lincoln Own Slaves? And Other Frequently Asked Questions About Abraham Lincoln''. Pantheon. {{ISBN|978-0-375-42541-7}}</ref> The [[National Geographic Society]]'s publication "Pinpointing the Past in Washington, D.C." states that Daniel Chester French had a son who was deaf and that the sculptor was familiar with sign language.<ref>Evelyn, Douglas E. and Dickson, Paul A. (1999) ''On this Spot: Pinpointing the Past in Washington, D.C.'' [[National Geographic Society]]. {{ISBN|0-7922-7499-7}}</ref><ref>[http://library.gallaudet.edu/Library/Deaf_Research_Help/Frequently_Asked_Questions_(FAQs)/OtherMiscellaneous/Lincoln_Memorial_Statue.html Library.gallaudet.edu] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090104223348/http://library.gallaudet.edu/Library/Deaf_Research_Help/Frequently_Asked_Questions_%28FAQs%29/OtherMiscellaneous/Lincoln_Memorial_Statue.html |date=2009-01-04 }}</ref> Historian James A. Percoco has observed that, although there are no extant documents showing that French had Lincoln's hands carved to represent the letters "A" and "L" in American Sign Language, "I think you can conclude that it's reasonable to have that kind of summation about the hands."<ref>Percoco, James A., speech given on April 17, 2008, in the Jefferson Room of the [[National Archives and Records Administration]] as part of the National Archive's "Noontime Programs" lecture series. [https://www.archives.gov/press/press-releases/2008/nr08-66.html Broadcast on the C-Span cable television network on April 4 and April 5, 2009.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126032009/https://www.archives.gov/press/press-releases/2008/nr08-66.html |date=January 26, 2021 }} [http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/204737-1 c-spanvideo.org]</ref>
== Impact ==
=== Sacred space ===
[[File:View of Crowd at 1963 March on Washington.jpg|thumb|left|The [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom|March on Washington]] in 1963 brought 250,000 people to the [[National Mall]] and is famous for [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]'s "[[I Have a Dream]]" speech.]]
[[File:i-have-a-dream-site crop.jpg|thumb|left|The location on the steps where King delivered the speech is commemorated with this inscription.]]
The Memorial has become a symbolically sacred venue, especially for the Civil Rights Movement. In 1939, the [[Daughters of the American Revolution]] refused to allow the African-American [[Alto (voice)|contralto]] [[Marian Anderson]] to perform before an integrated audience at the organization's [[Constitution Hall]]. At the suggestion of [[Eleanor Roosevelt]], the wife of President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], [[Harold L. Ickes]], the Secretary of the Interior, arranged for a performance on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial on Easter Sunday of that year, to a live audience of 75,000 and a nationwide radio audience.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://fdrlibrary.org/anderson |title=Eleanor Roosevelt and Marian Anderson |publisher=FDR Presidential Library & Museum |language=en-US |access-date=2018-05-28 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> On June 29, 1947, [[Harry Truman]] became the first president to address the [[National Association for the Advancement of Colored People]] (NAACP). The speech took place at the Lincoln Memorial during the NAACP convention and was carried nationally on radio. In that speech, Truman laid out the need to end discrimination, which would be advanced by the first comprehensive, presidentially proposed civil rights legislation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Glass |first=Andrew |date=2018-06-29 |title=Truman addresses NAACP, June 29, 1947 |language=en |work=Politico |url=https://politi.co/2Mz2C4K |access-date=2021-07-27}}</ref>
On August 28, 1963, the memorial grounds were the site of the [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom]], which proved to be a high point of the [[American Civil Rights Movement]]. It is estimated that approximately 250,000 people came to the event, where they heard [[Martin Luther King Jr.]], deliver his historic "[[I Have a Dream]]" speech before the memorial honoring the president who had issued the [[Emancipation Proclamation]] 100 years earlier. King's speech, with its language of patriotism and its evocation of Lincoln's [[Gettysburg Address]], was meant to match the symbolism of the Lincoln Memorial as a monument to national unity.<ref>Fairclough, Adam (1997) "Civil Rights and the Lincoln Memorial: The Censored Speeches of Robert R. Moton (1922) and John Lewis (1963)" ''[[Journal of Negro History]]'' v.82 pp.408–416.</ref> Labor leader [[Walter Reuther]], an organizer of the march, persuaded the other organizers to move the march to the Lincoln Memorial from the [[United States Capitol|Capitol Building]]. Reuther believed the location would be less threatening to Congress and that the occasion would be especially appropriate underneath the gaze of Abraham Lincoln's statue.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Maraniss|first=David|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/894936463|title=Once in a Great City: A Detroit Story|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=2015|isbn=978-1-4767-4838-2|location=New York|pages=236|oclc=894936463}}</ref> The D.C. police also appreciated the location because it was surrounded on three sides by water, so that any incident could be easily contained.<ref>Jennings, Peter and Brewster, Todd (1998) ''The Century: A Chronicle of the 20th Century''. New York: Doubleday. {{isbn|9780385483278}}</ref>
Twenty years later, on August 28, 1983, crowds gathered again to mark the 20th Anniversary Mobilization for Jobs, Peace and Freedom, to reflect on progress in gaining civil rights for African Americans and to commit to correcting continuing injustices. King's speech is such a part of the Lincoln Memorial story, that the spot on which King stood, on the landing eighteen steps below Lincoln's statue, was engraved in 2003 in recognition of the 40th anniversary of the event.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nps.gov/thingstodo/stand-where-martin-luther-king-jr-gave-the-i-have-a-dream-speech.htm |title=Stand Where Martin Luther King, Jr. Gave the "I Have a Dream" Speech |publisher=National Park Service |language=en |access-date=2018-05-28 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>
At the memorial on May 9, 1970, President [[Richard Nixon]] had a [[Richard Nixon's visit to the Lincoln Memorial|middle-of-the-night impromptu, brief meeting with protesters]] who, just days after the [[Kent State shootings]], were preparing to [[Opposition to the Vietnam War|march against the Vietnam War]].<ref name="Nix Prez Rev">{{cite video| people=Director: Joe Angio|title=Nixon a Presidency Revealed|medium=television|publisher=History Channel|date=2007-02-15}}</ref>
=== In popular culture ===
{{multiple image
| align = center
| direction = horizontal
| header =
| total_width = 600
| image1 = USA - Lincoln Memorial.JPG
| caption1 = With reflecting pool
| image2 = Lincoln Memorial at Sunrise.jpg
| caption2 = At sunrise
| image3 = Lincoln Memorial (May 2014) crop.jpg
| caption3 = Daytime
| image4 = Lincoln Memorial (8).jpg
| caption4 = At dusk
}}
As one of the most prominent American monuments, the Lincoln Memorial is often featured in books, films, videogames, and television shows that take place in Washington; by 2003 it had appeared in over 60 films,<ref>Rosales, Jean K. and Jose, Michael R. (2003) ''DC Goes to the Movies: A Unique Guide to Reel Washington'' iUniverse. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IcW-V4XrPakC&q=Lincoln+Memorial&pg=PA149 p.149] {{ISBN|9780595267972}}</ref> and in 2009, Mark S. Reinhart compiled some short sketches of dozens of uses of the Memorial in film and television.<ref>{{cite book|author=Reinhart, Mark S.|title=Abraham Lincoln on Screen: Fictional and Documentary Portrayals on Film and Television|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zio49y0tiE0C&pg=PR7|year=2009|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-5261-3}}</ref>
Some examples of films include [[Frank Capra]]'s 1939 film ''[[Mr. Smith Goes to Washington]]'', where in a key scene the statue and the Memorial's inscription provide inspiration to freshman Senator Jefferson Smith, played by [[James Stewart]].<ref name="wp">{{cite news|last1=Toney|first1=Veronica|title=It's not just 'Forrest Gump.' The National Mall has had an iconic role in many movies.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/magazine/its-not-just-forrest-gump-the-national-mall-has-had-a-iconic-role-in-many-movies/2015/09/16/90bf78d8-4b7c-11e5-bfb9-9736d04fc8e4_story.html|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=12 February 2017|date=September 17, 2015}}</ref> The Park Service did not want Capra to film at the Memorial, so he sent a large crew elsewhere as a distraction while a smaller crew filmed Stewart and [[Jean Arthur]] inside the Memorial.<ref>Rosales, Jean K. and Jose, Michael R. (2003) ''DC Goes to the Movies: A Unique Guide to Reel Washington'' iUniverse. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IcW-V4XrPakC&dq=%22National+Park+Service%22+filming+%22Lincoln+Memorial%22+inside&pg=PA245 p.245] {{ISBN|9780595267972}}</ref>
Many of the appearances of the Lincoln Memorial are actually digital [[visual effects]], due to restrictive filming rules.<ref name="Sacher2014">{{cite book|last=Sacher|first=Jay|title=Lincoln Memorial: The Story and Design of an American Monument|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9JXiAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA84|access-date=February 12, 2017|date=May 6, 2014|publisher=Chronicle Books|isbn=9781452131986|pages=83–85}}</ref> As of 2017, according to the [[National Park Service]], "Filming/photography is prohibited above the white marble steps and the interior chamber of the Lincoln Memorial."<ref>[https://www.nps.gov/nama/planyourvisit/permits-faqs.htm "Permit FAQS"] National Park Service</ref>
Mitchell Newton-Matza said in 2016 that "Reflecting its cherished place in the hearts of Americans, the Lincoln Memorial has often been featured prominently in popular culture, especially motion pictures."<ref>{{cite book|author=Mitchell Newton-Matza|title=Historic Sites and Landmarks that Shaped America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nW_YDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA324|year=2016|publisher=ABC-CLIO|page=324|isbn=9781610697507}}</ref> According to Tracey Gold Bennett, "The majesty of the Lincoln Memorial is a big draw for film location scouts, producers, and directors because this landmark has appeared in a considerable number of films."<ref>{{cite book|author=Tracey Gold Bennett|title=Washington, D.C., Film and Television|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p76EAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA27|year=2014|publisher=Arcadia|page=27|isbn=9781439642764}}</ref>
Jay Sacher writes:
<blockquote>From high to low, the memorial is cultural shorthand for both American ideals and 1960s radicalism. From [[Forrest Gump]]'s [[Zelig]]-like insertion into anti-war rallies on the steps of the memorial, to the villainous [[Decepticon]] robots discarding the Lincoln statue and claiming it as a throne. ... The memorial's place in the culture is assured even as it is parodied.<ref name=Sacher2014 /></blockquote>
=== Depictions on U.S. currency ===
{{multiple image
| align = right
| direction = horizontal
| footer = Reverse of a 2003 [[United States five-dollar bill]] and 2006 [[Lincoln cent]]
| footer_align = center
| image1 = US $5 series 2003 reverse.jpg
| width1 = 228
| image2 = 2005 Penny Rev Unc D.png
| width2 = 99
}}
From 1959 (the 150th anniversary of Lincoln's birth) to 2008, the memorial, with statue visible through the columns, was depicted on the reverse of the [[Lincoln cent|United States one-cent]] coin, which since 1909 has depicted a bust of Lincoln on its front.<ref>{{cite book| last = Bowers | first = Q. David| author-link = Q. David Bowers| year = 2008| title = A Guide Book of Lincoln Cents| publisher = Whitman Publishing| location = Atlanta, Georgia | isbn = 978-0-7948-2264-4| pages=45, 49–51}}</ref>
The memorial has appeared on the back of the [[United States five-dollar bill|U.S. five-dollar bill]] since 1929.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://d39pc38av48c2g.cloudfront.net/sites/default/files/download-materials/en/5_1914-1993_features.pdf |title=$5 |website=U.S. Currency Education Program |publisher=United States Government |language=en |access-date=2018-05-28| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528134432/https://d39pc38av48c2g.cloudfront.net/sites/default/files/download-materials/en/5_1914-1993_features.pdf| archive-date=May 28, 2018}}</ref> The front of the bill bears Lincoln's portrait.
==See also==
{{Portal|United States|National Register of Historic Places|Architecture}}
* [[Cultural depictions of Abraham Lincoln]]
* [[Architecture of Washington, D.C.]]
* [[List of areas in the United States National Park System]]
* [[List of national memorials of the United States]]
* [[National Register of Historic Places listings in the District of Columbia]]
* [[Presidential memorials in the United States]]
==References==
'''Informational notes'''
{{Reflist|group=Note}}
'''Citations'''
{{Reflist}}
'''Further reading'''
{{Further|Cultural depictions of Abraham Lincoln#Further reading}}
*[[Judith Dupré|Dupré, Judith]] (2007). ''Monuments: America's History in Art and Memory.'' Random House. {{ISBN|978-1-4000-6582-0}}
*Hufbauer, Benjamin (2006) ''Presidential Temples: How Memorials and Libraries Shape Public Memory.'' University Press of Kansas. {{ISBN|0700614222}}.
*{{cite web|title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form: Lincoln Memorial |last=Pfanz |first=Donald C. |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |url=http://image1.nps.gov:9001/StyleServer/calcrgn?cat=NRHP&item=/Text/NRHP-6340b4580b4649f499fbab210684e03f.djvu&style=nps/FOCUS-DJview.xsl&wid=640&hei=480&oif=jpeg&props=item(SUMMARY,COPYRIGHT) |date=March 4, 1981 |access-date=2009-11-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224002508/http://image1.nps.gov:9001/StyleServer/calcrgn?cat=NRHP&item=%2FText%2FNRHP-6340b4580b4649f499fbab210684e03f.djvu&style=nps%2FFOCUS-DJview.xsl&wid=640&hei=480&oif=jpeg&props=item%28SUMMARY%2CCOPYRIGHT%29 |archive-date=February 24, 2012 }}
* [[Scott Sandage|Sandage, Scott A]]. (June 1993) [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2079700 "A Marble House Divided: The Lincoln Memorial, the Civil Rights Movement, and the Politics of Memory, 1939–1963"], ''[[Journal of American History]]'' Vol. 80, No. 1, pp. 135–167
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{external media | width = 237px | float = right | headerimage=[[File:Lincoln Memorial in June 2012.jpg|210px]] |video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M9tCeDWmgpo3D Laser Scan: Lincoln Memorial] (0:33), DJS Associates from the [http://www.djsscans.com/blog/lincoln-memorial-project Lincoln Memorial Project]}}
* [http://www.nps.gov/linc/index.htm Lincoln Memorial homepage (NPS)]
* [http://www.terrain360.com/trails/lincoln-memoral Lincoln Memorial Panoramic Tour]
* {{cite web|url=http://www.nationalmall.org/sites-subpage-lincoln.php |title=Trust for the National Mall: Lincoln Memorial |publisher=Trust for the National Mall |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612034249/http://www.nationalmall.org/sites-subpage-lincoln.php |archive-date=2011-06-12 }}
* {{cite web|url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/pdf/bulletin/b2162/b2162.pdf|title=Colorado Yule Marble – Building Stone of the Lincoln Memorial; |publisher=US Geological Survey – Bulletin 2162; 1999}}
* {{cite web|url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=hhsheet&fileName=dc/dc0400/dc0472/sheet/browse.db&action=browse&recNum=0&title2=Lincoln%20Memorial,%20West%20Potomac%20Park,%20Washington,%20District%20of%20Columbia,%20DC&displayType=1&maxCols=2&itemLink=r?ammem/hh:@field(DOCID+@lit(DC0472))|title=Lincoln Memorial Drawings|publisher=National Park Service|year=1993|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016215609/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=hhsheet&fileName=dc%2Fdc0400%2Fdc0472%2Fsheet%2Fbrowse.db&action=browse&recNum=0&title2=Lincoln%20Memorial%2C%20West%20Potomac%20Park%2C%20Washington%2C%20District%20of%20Columbia%2C%20DC&displayType=1&maxCols=2&itemLink=r%3Fammem%2Fhh%3A%40field%28DOCID+%40lit%28DC0472%29%29|archive-date=2008-10-16}}
* [http://ghostsofdc.org/2013/06/17/alternate-proposed-designs-for-the-lincoln-memorial/ Other Proposed Designs for the Lincoln Memorial]
* {{Cite episode |title=American Icons: The Lincoln Memorial |url=http://www.studio360.org/story/american-icons-the-lincoln-memorial/ |series=Studio 360 |series-link=Studio 360 |network=[[Public Radio International]] |station=[[WNYC]] |location=New York |date=September 10, 2015 |orig-year=February 19, 2010 |number=1637 |access-date=September 13, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912195257/http://www.studio360.org/story/american-icons-the-lincoln-memorial/ |archive-date=September 12, 2015 }} How the Lincoln Memorial became an American icon.
{{Abraham Lincoln}}
{{Washington DC landmarks}}
{{Daniel Chester French}}
{{Streets in Washington, DC}}
{{Protected Areas of the District of Columbia}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Monuments and memorials to Abraham Lincoln in the United States]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1922]]
[[Category:Greek Revival architecture in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Marble buildings]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:National Mall]]
[[Category:National Memorials of the United States]]
[[Category:Stone buildings in the United States]]
[[Category:Vandalized works of art in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:1922 establishments in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Union (American Civil War) monuments and memorials in Washington, D.C.]]' |
New page wikitext, after the edit (new_wikitext) | '{{Short description|National memorial in Washington, D.C.}}
{{Hatnote group|
{{for|the university in Tennessee|Lincoln Memorial University}}
{{Redirect|Lincoln Monument||Lincoln (disambiguation)#Memorials and monuments}}
}}
{{stack begin}}
{{Infobox NRHP
| name = Lincoln Memorial
| nrhp_type = nmem
| image = Aerial view of Lincoln Memorial - east side EDIT.jpeg{{!}}border
| image_size = 250px
| caption = A aerial view of the Lincoln Memorial on 16th May, 2010
| location = [[National Mall]], [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.
| coordinates = {{coord|38|53|21.4|N|77|3|0.5|W|type:landmark_region:US-DC|display=inline,title}}
| locmapin = United States Washington, D.C. central#Washington, D.C.
| built = 1914–1922
| architect = [[Henry Bacon]] (architect)<br />[[Daniel Chester French]] (sculptor)
| architecture = [[Greek Revival architecture|Greek Revival]]<ref name="nris"/>
| visitation_num = 8,099,148
| visitation_year = 2023
| visitation_ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=Annual Park Ranking Report for Recreation Visits in: 2023 |url=https://irma.nps.gov/Stats/SSRSReports/National%20Reports/Annual%20Park%20Ranking%20Report%20(1979%20-%20Last%20Calendar%20Year)|website=nps.gov |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=March 23, 2024 }}</ref>
| area = {{convert|27336|ft2|m2}}
| added = October 15, 1966
| website = [https://www.nps.gov/linc/index.htm Lincoln Memorial]
| refnum = 66000030<ref name="nris">{{NRISref|2007a}}</ref>
}}{{stack end}}
The '''Lincoln Memorial''' is a [[List of national memorials of the United States|U.S. national memorial]] that honors the [[List of presidents of the United States|16th]] [[president of the United States]], [[Abraham Lincoln]]. An example of [[Neoclassical architecture|neoclassicism]], it is in the form of a classical temple and is located at the western end of the [[National Mall]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] [[Henry Bacon]] is the memorial's architect and [[Daniel Chester French]] designed the large interior statue of a seated ''[[Statue of Abraham Lincoln (Lincoln Memorial)|Abraham Lincoln]]'' (1920), which was carved in marble by the [[Piccirilli Brothers|Piccirilli brothers]].<ref>[http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/cultural_diversity/Lincoln_Memorial_National_Memorial.html "Lincoln Memorial National Memorial; Washington, DC] [[National Park Service]]</ref> [[Jules Guerin]] painted the interior murals, and the epitaph above the statue was written by [[Royal Cortissoz]]. Dedicated on May 30, 1922, it is one of several [[Presidential memorials in the United States|memorials built to honor an American president]]. It has been a major tourist attraction since its opening, and over the years, has occasionally been used as a symbolic center focused on [[race relations]] and civil rights.
[[Doric order|Doric]] style columns line the temple exterior, and the inscriptions inside include two well-known speeches by Lincoln, [[the Gettysburg Address]] and [[Abraham Lincoln's second inaugural address|his second inaugural address]]. The memorial has been the site of many famous speeches and songs, including [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]'s "[[I Have a Dream]]" speech was delivered on August 28, 1963, during the rally at the end of the [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom]].
Like other monuments on the National Mall{{snd}}including the nearby [[Vietnam Veterans Memorial]], [[Korean War Veterans Memorial]], and [[World War II Memorial]] – the [[List of national memorials of the United States|national memorial]] is administered by the [[National Park Service]] under its [[National Mall and Memorial Parks]] group. It has been listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] since October 15, 1966, and was ranked seventh on the [[American Institute of Architects]]' 2007 list of [[America's Favorite Architecture]]. The memorial is open to the public 24 hours a day, and more than seven million people visit it annually.<ref>[https://irma.nps.gov/Stats/SSRSReports/Park%20Specific%20Reports/Annual%20Park%20Recreation%20Visitation%20%281904%20-%20Last%20Calendar%20Year%29?Park=LINC "Annual Park Recreation Visitation (1904 – Last Calendar Year)"] [[National Park Service]]</ref>
==History==
[[File:West Potomac Park c1912 prior to construction of the Lincoln Memorial.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|Future site of the Memorial, c.{{nbsp}}1912]]
[[File: Taft-Harding-Lincoln.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Chief Justice [[William Howard Taft]], President [[Warren G. Harding|Harding]], and Abraham Lincoln's son, [[Robert Todd Lincoln]], at the dedication of the Lincoln Memorial, May 30, 1922]] quote from abe lincoln "i love deez nuts".
The first public memorial to [[President of the United States|United States President]] [[Abraham Lincoln]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], was [[Statue of Abraham Lincoln (District of Columbia City Hall)|a statue]] by [[Lot Flannery]] erected in front of the [[District of Columbia City Hall]] in 1868, three years after [[Assassination of Abraham Lincoln|Lincoln's assassination]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Renovation and Expansion of the Historic DC Courthouse|url=http://www.dcappeals.gov/dccourts/appeals/pdf/appeals_renovation_expansion.pdf|publisher=DC Court of Appeals|access-date=5 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105052517/http://www.dcappeals.gov/dccourts/appeals/pdf/appeals_renovation_expansion.pdf|archive-date=5 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Washington's Lincoln: The First Monument to the Martyred President|url=http://intowner.com/2016/01/11/washingtons-lincoln-the-first-monument-to-the-martyred-president/|publisher=The Intowner|access-date=29 June 2016|archive-date=14 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114225609/http://intowner.com/2016/01/11/washingtons-lincoln-the-first-monument-to-the-martyred-president/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Demands for a fitting national memorial had been voiced since the time of Lincoln's death. In 1867, [[United State Congress|Congress]] passed the first of many bills incorporating a commission to erect a monument for the sixteenth president. An American sculptor, [[Clark Mills (sculptor)|Clark Mills]], was chosen to design the monument. His plans reflected the nationalistic spirit of the time and called for a {{convert|70|ft|m|adj=on}} structure adorned with six equestrian and 31 pedestrian statues of colossal proportions, crowned by a {{convert|12|ft|m|adj=on}} statue of Abraham Lincoln. Subscriptions for the project were insufficient.<ref name=nrhp4>NRHP Nomination, p. 4</ref>
[[File:Lincoln Memorial Under Construction 1916.jpg|left|thumb|The Memorial under construction, July 1916]][[File:Lincoln Memorial Dedication with President Harding crop.jpg|thumb|[[President of the United States|United States President]] [[Warren G. Harding]] speaking at the dedication, 1922]]The matter lay dormant until the start of the 20th century, when, under the leadership of [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[Shelby M. Cullom]] of [[Illinois]], six separate bills were introduced in Congress for the incorporation of a new memorial commission. The first five bills, proposed in the years 1901, 1902, and 1908, met with defeat because of opposition from Speaker [[Joseph Gurney Cannon|Joe Cannon]]. The sixth bill (Senate Bill 9449), introduced on December 13, 1910, passed. The Lincoln Memorial Commission had its first meeting the following year and [[President of the United States|United States President]] [[William H. Taft]] was chosen as the commission's president. Progress continued steadily,Quandale Dingle is the name of a Pennsauken high school football player featured in a series of goofy ahh shitpost memes based on a viral screenshot of a PC login screen for a man with the name. The earliest known upload of the screenshot was posted to TikTok in September 2021 and went viral through reposts, inspiring further memes referencing the name and how ridiculous it is. In late 2021 throughout early 2022 people began using distorted images of people, mostly images of rapper NBA Youngboy, to represent Quandale Dingle in ironic memes. The name also inspired a trend where TikTokers create parody RapTV posts about Quandale.
Origin
Quandale Dingle is a senior football player at Pennsauken Football.[12] He is number 25 for the Pennsauken Indians. Quandale can be seen in a full football uniform in a November 12th, 2021 video of a game versus the Millville Thunderbolts uploaded to YouTube[13] by QBC TV (shown below).
10125 65 73
On September 13th, 2021, TikTok[16] user @asapfeet posted a video of a PC login screen for a user named Quandale Dingle, a black text box on top of the screenshot reads, "who tf goofy ass name is this bruh," gaining over 18,600 views in six months. The video has since been deleted (screenshot shown below). That day, Twitter[3] user @slashafilm posted a screenshot of the screen.
who tf goofy ass name | is this bruh Quandale Dingle
Spread
On September 14th, 2021, Instagram[1] user supremecheetos reposted a cropped version of the meme. The meme was reposted that day to Facebook[2] page Memes to satisfy the sophisticated gentleman, gaining over 1,000 shares and 2,000 reactions in six months. On September 18th, 2021, Instagram[4] user memixes reposted a 21st-Century Humor compilation from the private TikTok account @remsoios that begins with the image, gaining over 32,000 views in six months (shown below).
and by 1913 Congress had approved the commission's choice of design and location.<ref name="nrhp4" />Quandale Dingle is the name of a Pennsauken high school football player featured in a series of goofy ahh shitpost memes based on a viral screenshot of a PC login screen for a man with the name. The earliest known upload of the screenshot was posted to TikTok in September 2021 and went viral through reposts, inspiring further memes referencing the name and how ridiculous it is. In late 2021 throughout early 2022 people began using distorted images of people, mostly images of rapper NBA Youngboy, to represent Quandale Dingle in ironic memes. The name also inspired a trend where TikTokers create parody RapTV posts about Quandale.
Origin
Quandale Dingle is a senior football player at Pennsauken Football.[12] He is number 25 for the Pennsauken Indians. Quandale can be seen in a full football uniform in a November 12th, 2021 video of a game versus the Millville Thunderbolts uploaded to YouTube[13] by QBC TV (shown below).
10125 65 73
On September 13th, 2021, TikTok[16] user @asapfeet posted a video of a PC login screen for a user named Quandale Dingle, a black text box on top of the screenshot reads, "who tf goofy ass name is this bruh," gaining over 18,600 views in six months. The video has since been deleted (screenshot shown below). That day, Twitter[3] user @slashafilm posted a screenshot of the screen.
who tf goofy ass name | is this bruh Quandale Dingle
Spread
On September 14th, 2021, Instagram[1] user supremecheetos reposted a cropped version of the meme. The meme was reposted that day to Facebook[2] page Memes to satisfy the sophisticated gentleman, gaining over 1,000 shares and 2,000 reactions in six months. On September 18th, 2021, Instagram[4] user memixes reposted a 21st-Century Humor compilation from the private TikTok account @remsoios that begins with the image, gaining over 32,000 views in six months (shown below).
Quandale Dingle is the name of a Pennsauken high school football player featured in a series of goofy ahh shitpost memes based on a viral screenshot of a PC login screen for a man with the name. The earliest known upload of the screenshot was posted to TikTok in September 2021 and went viral through reposts, inspiring further memes referencing the name and how ridiculous it is. In late 2021 throughout early 2022 people began using distorted images of people, mostly images of rapper NBA Youngboy, to represent Quandale Dingle in ironic memes. The name also inspired a trend where TikTokers create parody RapTV posts about Quandale.
Origin
Quandale Dingle is a senior football player at Pennsauken Football.[12] He is number 25 for the Pennsauken Indians. Quandale can be seen in a full football uniform in a November 12th, 2021 video of a game versus the Millville Thunderbolts uploaded to YouTube[13] by QBC TV (shown below).
10125 65 73
On September 13th, 2021, TikTok[16] user @asapfeet posted a video of a PC login screen for a user named Quandale Dingle, a black text box on top of the screenshot reads, "who tf goofy ass name is this bruh," gaining over 18,600 views in six months. The video has since been deleted (screenshot shown below). That day, Twitter[3] user @slashafilm posted a screenshot of the screen.
who tf goofy ass name | is this bruh Quandale Dingle
Spread
On September 14th, 2021, Instagram[1] user supremecheetos reposted a cropped version of the meme. The meme was reposted that day to Facebook[2] page Memes to satisfy the sophisticated gentleman, gaining over 1,000 shares and 2,000 reactions in six months. On September 18th, 2021, Instagram[4] user memixes reposted a 21st-Century Humor compilation from the private TikTok account @remsoios that begins with the image, gaining over 32,000 views in six months (shown below).
There were questions regarding the commission's plan. Many thought architect Henry Bacon's Greek temple design was far too ostentatious for a man of Lincoln's humble character. Instead, they proposed a simple log cabin shrine. The site too did not go unopposed. The recently reclaimed land in [[West Potomac Park]] was seen by many as either too swampy or too inaccessible. Other sites, such as [[Union Station (Washington, D.C.)|Union Station]], were put forth. The Commission stood firm in its recommendation, feeling that the Potomac Park location, situated on the [[Washington Monument]]–[[United States Capitol|Capitol]] axis, overlooking the [[Potomac River]] and surrounded by open land, was ideal. Furthermore, the Potomac Park site had already been designated in the [[McMillan Plan]] of 1901 to be the location of a future monument comparable to that of the Washington Monument.<ref name=nrhp4/><ref>Thomas, Christopher A. (2002) ''The Lincoln Memorial and American Life'' Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|069101194X}}</ref>
With Congressional approval and a $300,000 allocation, the project got underway. On February 12, 1914, contractor M. F. Comer of Toledo, Ohio; resident member of the memorial's commission, former Senator Joseph C. S. Blackburn of Kentucky; and the memorial's designer, Henry Bacon conducted a groundbreaking ceremony by turning over a few spadefuls of earth.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83045462/1914-02-12/ed-1/?st=text&r=0.841,0.403,0.173,0.167,0 |website=Library of Congress |access-date=29 March 2022|title=Image 1 of Evening star (Washington, D.C.), February 12, 1914 }}</ref> The following month is when actual construction began. Work progressed steadily according to schedule. Some changes were made to the plan. The statue of Lincoln, originally designed to be {{convert|10|ft|m}} tall, was enlarged to {{convert|19|ft|m}} to prevent it from being overwhelmed by the huge chamber. As late as 1920, the decision was made to substitute an open portal for the bronze and glass grille which was to have guarded the entrance. Despite these changes, the Memorial was finished on schedule. Commission president William H. Taft – who was then Chief Justice of the United States – dedicated the Memorial on May 30, 1922, and presented it to [[President of the United States|United States President]] [[Warren G. Harding]], who accepted it on behalf of the American people. Lincoln's only surviving son, 78-year-old [[Robert Todd Lincoln]], was in attendance.<ref name=nrhp5>NRHP Nomination, p. 5</ref> Prominent African Americans were invited to the event and discovered upon arrival they were assigned a segregated section guarded by [[U.S. Marines]].<ref>{{Cite book|last=Yellin|first=Eric S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fixBOW3902UC&q=Whitefield+J.+McKinlay&pg=PA176|title=Racism in the Nation's Service: Government Workers and the Color Line in Woodrow Wilson's America|date=2013-04-22|publisher=UNC Press Books|isbn=978-1-4696-0721-4|language=en}}</ref>
The Memorial was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] on October 15, 1966.<ref name=nrhp6>NRHP Nomination, p. 6</ref>
==Exterior==
The exterior of the Memorial echoes a classic [[Greek temple]] and features [[Yule marble]] quarried from [[Colorado]]. The structure measures {{convert|189.7|by|118.5|ft|m}} and is {{convert|99|ft|m}} tall. It is surrounded by a [[peristyle]] of 36 [[Fluting (architecture)|fluted]] [[Doric column]]s, one for each of the 36 states in the Union at the time of Lincoln's death, and two columns [[Anta (architecture)|in-antis]] at the entrance behind the [[colonnade]]. The columns stand {{convert|44|ft|m}} tall with a base diameter of {{convert|7.5|ft|m}}. Each column is built from 12 drums including the [[Capital (architecture)|capital]]. The columns, like the exterior walls and facades, are inclined slightly toward the building's interior. This is to compensate for perspective distortions which would otherwise make the memorial appear to bulge out at the top when compared with the bottom, a common feature of [[Ancient Greek architecture]].<ref name=nrhp2>NRHP Nomination, p. 2</ref>
[[File:Lincoln Memorial Friezes crop.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.25|Detail of the Memorial's [[frieze]]s]]
Above the colonnade, inscribed on the [[frieze]], are the names of the 36 states in the Union at the time of [[Assassination of Abraham Lincoln|Lincoln's death]] and the dates in which they entered the Union.<ref group=Note>The date for Ohio was incorrectly entered as 1802, as opposed to the correct year, 1803.</ref> Their names are separated by double wreath medallions in [[bas-relief]]. The [[cornice]] is composed of a carved scroll regularly interspersed with projecting lions' heads and ornamented with palmetto cresting along the upper edge. Above this on the attic frieze are inscribed the names of the 48 states present at the time of the Memorial's dedication. A bit higher is a [[garland]] joined by ribbons and palm leaves, supported by the wings of eagles. All ornamentation on the friezes and cornices was done by [[Ernest C. Bairstow]].<ref name=nrhp2/>
The Memorial is anchored in a concrete foundation, {{convert|44|to|66|ft|m}} in depth, constructed by M. F. Comer and Company and the National Foundation and Engineering Company, and is encompassed by a {{convert|187|by|257|ft|m|adj=on}} rectangular granite [[retaining wall]] measuring {{convert|14|ft|m}} in height.<ref name=nrhp2/>
Leading up to the shrine on the east side are the main steps. Beginning at the edge of the [[Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool|Reflecting Pool]], the steps rise to the '''Lincoln Memorial Circle''' roadway surrounding the edifice, then to the main portal, intermittently spaced with a series of platforms. Flanking the steps as they approach the entrance are two buttresses each crowned with an {{convert|11|ft|m|adj=on}} tall tripod carved from pink [[Tennessee marble]]<ref name=nrhp2/> by the Piccirilli Brothers.<ref>Concklin, Edward F. (1927) ''The Lincoln Memorial, Washington''. [[United States Government Printing Office]]</ref> There are a total of 87 steps (58 steps from the chamber to the plaza and 29 steps from the plaza to the Reflecting Pool).<ref>{{cite web |title=Lincoln Memorial - Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://www.nps.gov/linc/faqs.htm#:~:text=How%20many%20steps%20are%20there,chamber%20to%20the%20reflecting%20pool. |publisher=National Park Service |access-date=29 May 2022}}</ref>
==Interior==
[[File:Lincoln Memorial, "I Have a Dream" 50th anniversary.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|President [[Barack Obama]], First Lady [[Michelle Obama]], and former Presidents [[Jimmy Carter]] and [[Bill Clinton]] walk past [[Statue of Abraham Lincoln (Lincoln Memorial)|President Lincoln's statue]] to participate in the 2013 50th anniversary ceremony of the historic [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom|March on Washington]] and [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]'s "[[I Have a Dream]]" speech]]
The Memorial's interior is divided into three chambers by two rows of four [[Ionic column]]s, each {{convert|50|ft|m}} tall and {{convert|5.5|ft|m}} across at their base. The central chamber, housing the statue of Lincoln, is {{convert|60|ft|m}} wide, {{convert|74|ft|m}} deep, and {{convert|60|ft|m}} high.<ref>U. S. Office of Public Buildings and Public Parks. [https://www.nps.gov/linc/learn/historyculture/lincoln-memorial-building-statistics.htm ''Lincoln Memorial Building Statistics'']</ref> The north and south chambers display carved inscriptions of Lincoln's [[Lincoln's second inaugural address|second inaugural address]] and his [[Gettysburg Address]].<ref group=Note>In the line from the second inaugural, "With high hope for the future," the ''F'' in ''FUTURE'' was carved as an ''E''. To obscure this error the spurious bottom line of the E is not painted in with black paint.</ref> Bordering these inscriptions are [[pilaster]]s ornamented with [[fasces]], eagles, and wreaths. The inscriptions and adjoining ornamentation are by [[Evelyn Beatrice Longman]].<ref name=nrhp2/>
The Memorial is replete with symbolic elements. The 36 columns represent the states of the Union at the time of [[Assassination of Abraham Lincoln|Lincoln's death]]; the 48 stone festoons above the columns represent the 48 states in 1922. Inside, each inscription is surmounted by a {{convert|60|by|12|ft|m|adj=on}} mural by [[Jules Guerin]] portraying principles seen as evident in Lincoln's life: Freedom, Liberty, Morality, Justice, and the Law on the south wall; Unity, Fraternity, and Charity on the north. Cypress trees, representing Eternity, are in the murals' backgrounds. The murals' paint incorporated kerosene and wax to protect the exposed artwork from fluctuations in temperature and moisture.<ref name=nrhp3>NRHP Nomination, p. 3</ref>
The ceiling consists of bronze girders ornamented with laurel and oak leaves. Between these are panels of [[Sylacauga marble|Alabama marble]], saturated with [[Mineral oil|paraffin]] to increase translucency. But feeling that the statue required even more light, Bacon and French designed metal slats for the ceiling to conceal floodlights, which could be modulated to supplement the natural light; this modification was installed in 1929. The one major alteration since was the addition of an elevator for the disabled in the 1970s.<ref name=nrhp3/>
=== Undercroft ===
Below the memorial is an [[undercroft]]. Due to water seeping through the calcium carbonate within the marble, over time [[stalactite]]s and [[stalagmite]]s have formed within it.<ref>[[United Press]] (August 28, 1957) [https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2245&dat=19570828&id=znIzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=zu4HAAAAIBAJ&pg=4867,7051275 "Lincoln Memorial has some stalactites"] ''[[Lodi News-Sentinel]]''</ref> During construction, [[graffiti]] was scrawled on it by workers,<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Avery|first=Jim|date=July 19, 2017|title=5 World-Famous Landmarks That Have Totally Weirdo Secrets|url=https://www.cracked.com/article_24904_5-famous-buildings-with-bizarre-hidden-easter-eggs.html|access-date=June 30, 2021|website=Cracked}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Rivera and Weinstein|first=Gloria and Janet|date=September 2, 2016|title=Take a 'Historic Graffiti' Tour Under the Lincoln Memorial|work=ABC News|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/historic-graffiti-tour-lincoln-memorial/story?id=41805221|access-date=June 30, 2021}}</ref> and is considered historical by the [[National Park Service]].<ref name=":0" /> During the 1970s and 1980s, there were regular tours of the undercroft.<ref>Hodge, Paul (October 27, 1977) [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1977/10/27/whats-afoot-under-abe-lincolns-feet/f48997a6-1f6a-466d-b3fe-2b9ad2db4532/ "What's Afoot Under Abe Lincoln's Feet?"] ''[[The Washington Post]]''</ref> The tours stopped abruptly in 1989 after a visitor noticed [[asbestos]] and notified the Service.<ref>Twoomey, Steve (April 9, 1990) [https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1990/04/09/monuments-losing-battle-with-erosion/1c59551e-bdc4-4c0c-9cf7-47e51c74da7c/ "Monuments Losing Battle with Erosion"] ''[[The Washington Post]]''</ref> For the memorial's centennial in 2022, the undercroft is planned to be open to visitors following a rehabilitation project funded by [[David Rubenstein]].<ref>Staff (ndg) [https://parkplanning.nps.gov/projectHome.cfm?projectId=66405 "Lincoln Center Rehabilitation"] [[National Park Service]] website</ref><ref>Reid, Chip (November 23, 2016) [https://www.cbsnews.com/news/lincoln-memorial-prepares-for-long-awaited-makeover-david-rubenstein/ "Lincoln Memorial to get long-awaited makeover, underground visitor's center"] [[CBS News]]</ref>
==Statue==
{{Main|Statue of Abraham Lincoln (Lincoln Memorial)}}
{| class="toccolours" style="float: left; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 1em; font-size: 101%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:22em; max-width:50%" cellspacing="5"
| align="center"|
'''IN THIS TEMPLE'''<br />
'''AS IN THE HEARTS OF THE PEOPLE'''<br />
'''FOR WHOM HE SAVED THE UNION'''<br />
'''THE MEMORY OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN'''<br />
'''IS ENSHRINED FOREVER'''
|-
| align="right"|—Epitaph by [[Royal Cortissoz]]
|}[[File:Lincoln Memorial.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|''[[Statue of Abraham Lincoln (Lincoln Memorial)|Abraham Lincoln]]'', by [[Daniel Chester French]]]]
Lying between the north and south chambers of the open-air Memorial is the central hall, which contains the large solitary figure of Abraham Lincoln sitting in contemplation. Its sculptor, [[Daniel Chester French]], supervised the six [[Piccirilli Brothers|Piccirilli brothers]] (Ferruccio, Attilio, Furio, Masaniello, Orazio, and Getulio) in its construction, and it took four years to complete.
[[File:The Lincoln Memorial Statue, with inscription in background.jpg|alt=Photo of the Lincoln Memorial Statue, with inscription in background|left|thumb|The Lincoln Memorial Statue, with inscription in background]]
The {{convert|175|ST|MT|adj=on|lk=on}} statue, carved from Georgia white marble, was shipped in 28 pieces.<ref name=nrhp3/> Originally intended to be only {{convert|10|ft|m}} tall, the sculpture was enlarged to {{convert|19|ft|m}} from head to foot considering it would look small within the extensive interior space.<ref name="dupre">{{cite book|last=Dupré, Judith|author-link=Judith Dupré| date= 2007 | title= Monuments: America's History in Art and Memory | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6kUaAQAAIAAJ | location=New York | publisher= Random House | pages= 86–95| isbn=978-1-4000-6582-0}}</ref> If Lincoln were depicted standing, he would be {{convert|28|ft|m}} tall.
The widest span of the statue corresponds to its height, and it rests upon an oblong pedestal of Tennessee marble {{convert|10|ft|m}} high, {{convert|16|ft|m}} wide, and {{convert|17|ft|m}} deep. Directly beneath this lies a platform of Tennessee marble about {{convert|34.5|ft|m}} long, {{convert|28|ft|m}} wide, and {{convert|6.5|in|m}} high. Lincoln's arms rest on representations of Roman fasces, a subtle touch that associates the statue with the Augustan (and imperial) theme (obelisk and funerary monuments) of the Washington Mall.<ref>See [[Edmund Buchner|Buchner, Edmund]] (1976). "''Solarium Augusti'' und Ara Pacis", Römische Mitteilungen 83: 319–375; (1988). ''Die Sonnenuhr des Augustus: Kaiser Augustus und die verlorene Republik'' (Berlin); P. Zanker [http://www.uark.edu/ua/metis2/zanker/zanker_txt2.html The Augustan Program of Cultural Renewal] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120530141305/http://www.uark.edu/ua/metis2/zanker/zanker_txt2.html |date=2012-05-30 }} for a full discussion of the [[Solarium Augusti|Augustan solarium]] and its architectural features.</ref> The statue is discretely bordered by two pilasters, one on each side. Between these pilasters, and above Lincoln's head, is engraved an epitaph of Lincoln<ref name=nrhp3/> by [[Royal Cortissoz]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Lincoln Memorial Design Individuals |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |url=http://www.nps.gov/linc/historyculture/lincoln-memorial-design-individuals.htm |access-date=2009-11-02}}</ref>
===Sculptural features===
[[File:Abraham Lincoln Stands Guard.jpg|thumb|The sculptor's possible use of sign language is speculated, as the statue's left hand forms an "A" while the right hand portrays an "L"]]
An [[urban legend]] holds that the face of General [[Robert E. Lee]] is carved onto the back of Lincoln's head,<ref name=npsfaq /> and looks back across the Potomac toward his former home, [[Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial|Arlington House]] (now within the bounds of [[Arlington National Cemetery]]). Another popular legend is that Lincoln's hands are shown using [[sign language]] to represent his initials, his left hand signing an ''A'' and his right signing an ''L''. The National Park Service denies both legends.<ref name=npsfaq>[http://www.nps.gov/linc/faqs.htm "Lincoln Memorial: Frequently Asked Questions"] on the [[National Park Service]] website</ref>
However, historian Gerald Prokopowicz writes that, while it is not clear that sculptor Daniel Chester French intended Lincoln's hands to be formed into sign language versions of his initials, it is possible that French did intend it. French was familiar with [[American Sign Language]], and he would have had a reason to do so, to pay tribute to Lincoln for having signed the federal legislation giving [[Gallaudet University]], a university for the deaf, the authority to grant college degrees.<ref>Prokopowicz, Gerald J. (2008) ''Did Lincoln Own Slaves? And Other Frequently Asked Questions About Abraham Lincoln''. Pantheon. {{ISBN|978-0-375-42541-7}}</ref> The [[National Geographic Society]]'s publication "Pinpointing the Past in Washington, D.C." states that Daniel Chester French had a son who was deaf and that the sculptor was familiar with sign language.<ref>Evelyn, Douglas E. and Dickson, Paul A. (1999) ''On this Spot: Pinpointing the Past in Washington, D.C.'' [[National Geographic Society]]. {{ISBN|0-7922-7499-7}}</ref><ref>[http://library.gallaudet.edu/Library/Deaf_Research_Help/Frequently_Asked_Questions_(FAQs)/OtherMiscellaneous/Lincoln_Memorial_Statue.html Library.gallaudet.edu] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090104223348/http://library.gallaudet.edu/Library/Deaf_Research_Help/Frequently_Asked_Questions_%28FAQs%29/OtherMiscellaneous/Lincoln_Memorial_Statue.html |date=2009-01-04 }}</ref> Historian James A. Percoco has observed that, although there are no extant documents showing that French had Lincoln's hands carved to represent the letters "A" and "L" in American Sign Language, "I think you can conclude that it's reasonable to have that kind of summation about the hands."<ref>Percoco, James A., speech given on April 17, 2008, in the Jefferson Room of the [[National Archives and Records Administration]] as part of the National Archive's "Noontime Programs" lecture series. [https://www.archives.gov/press/press-releases/2008/nr08-66.html Broadcast on the C-Span cable television network on April 4 and April 5, 2009.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126032009/https://www.archives.gov/press/press-releases/2008/nr08-66.html |date=January 26, 2021 }} [http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/204737-1 c-spanvideo.org]</ref>
== Impact ==
=== Sacred space ===
[[File:View of Crowd at 1963 March on Washington.jpg|thumb|left|The [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom|March on Washington]] in 1963 brought 250,000 people to the [[National Mall]] and is famous for [[Martin Luther King Jr.]]'s "[[I Have a Dream]]" speech.]]
[[File:i-have-a-dream-site crop.jpg|thumb|left|The location on the steps where King delivered the speech is commemorated with this inscription.]]
The Memorial has become a symbolically sacred venue, especially for the Civil Rights Movement. In 1939, the [[Daughters of the American Revolution]] refused to allow the African-American [[Alto (voice)|contralto]] [[Marian Anderson]] to perform before an integrated audience at the organization's [[Constitution Hall]]. At the suggestion of [[Eleanor Roosevelt]], the wife of President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]], [[Harold L. Ickes]], the Secretary of the Interior, arranged for a performance on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial on Easter Sunday of that year, to a live audience of 75,000 and a nationwide radio audience.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://fdrlibrary.org/anderson |title=Eleanor Roosevelt and Marian Anderson |publisher=FDR Presidential Library & Museum |language=en-US |access-date=2018-05-28 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> On June 29, 1947, [[Harry Truman]] became the first president to address the [[National Association for the Advancement of Colored People]] (NAACP). The speech took place at the Lincoln Memorial during the NAACP convention and was carried nationally on radio. In that speech, Truman laid out the need to end discrimination, which would be advanced by the first comprehensive, presidentially proposed civil rights legislation.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Glass |first=Andrew |date=2018-06-29 |title=Truman addresses NAACP, June 29, 1947 |language=en |work=Politico |url=https://politi.co/2Mz2C4K |access-date=2021-07-27}}</ref>
On August 28, 1963, the memorial grounds were the site of the [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom]], which proved to be a high point of the [[American Civil Rights Movement]]. It is estimated that approximately 250,000 people came to the event, where they heard [[Martin Luther King Jr.]], deliver his historic "[[I Have a Dream]]" speech before the memorial honoring the president who had issued the [[Emancipation Proclamation]] 100 years earlier. King's speech, with its language of patriotism and its evocation of Lincoln's [[Gettysburg Address]], was meant to match the symbolism of the Lincoln Memorial as a monument to national unity.<ref>Fairclough, Adam (1997) "Civil Rights and the Lincoln Memorial: The Censored Speeches of Robert R. Moton (1922) and John Lewis (1963)" ''[[Journal of Negro History]]'' v.82 pp.408–416.</ref> Labor leader [[Walter Reuther]], an organizer of the march, persuaded the other organizers to move the march to the Lincoln Memorial from the [[United States Capitol|Capitol Building]]. Reuther believed the location would be less threatening to Congress and that the occasion would be especially appropriate underneath the gaze of Abraham Lincoln's statue.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Maraniss|first=David|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/894936463|title=Once in a Great City: A Detroit Story|publisher=Simon & Schuster|year=2015|isbn=978-1-4767-4838-2|location=New York|pages=236|oclc=894936463}}</ref> The D.C. police also appreciated the location because it was surrounded on three sides by water, so that any incident could be easily contained.<ref>Jennings, Peter and Brewster, Todd (1998) ''The Century: A Chronicle of the 20th Century''. New York: Doubleday. {{isbn|9780385483278}}</ref>
Twenty years later, on August 28, 1983, crowds gathered again to mark the 20th Anniversary Mobilization for Jobs, Peace and Freedom, to reflect on progress in gaining civil rights for African Americans and to commit to correcting continuing injustices. King's speech is such a part of the Lincoln Memorial story, that the spot on which King stood, on the landing eighteen steps below Lincoln's statue, was engraved in 2003 in recognition of the 40th anniversary of the event.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nps.gov/thingstodo/stand-where-martin-luther-king-jr-gave-the-i-have-a-dream-speech.htm |title=Stand Where Martin Luther King, Jr. Gave the "I Have a Dream" Speech |publisher=National Park Service |language=en |access-date=2018-05-28 |df=mdy-all}}</ref>
At the memorial on May 9, 1970, President [[Richard Nixon]] had a [[Richard Nixon's visit to the Lincoln Memorial|middle-of-the-night impromptu, brief meeting with protesters]] who, just days after the [[Kent State shootings]], were preparing to [[Opposition to the Vietnam War|march against the Vietnam War]].<ref name="Nix Prez Rev">{{cite video| people=Director: Joe Angio|title=Nixon a Presidency Revealed|medium=television|publisher=History Channel|date=2007-02-15}}</ref>
=== In popular culture ===
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| image1 = USA - Lincoln Memorial.JPG
| caption1 = With reflecting pool
| image2 = Lincoln Memorial at Sunrise.jpg
| caption2 = At sunrise
| image3 = Lincoln Memorial (May 2014) crop.jpg
| caption3 = Daytime
| image4 = Lincoln Memorial (8).jpg
| caption4 = At dusk
}}
As one of the most prominent American monuments, the Lincoln Memorial is often featured in books, films, videogames, and television shows that take place in Washington; by 2003 it had appeared in over 60 films,<ref>Rosales, Jean K. and Jose, Michael R. (2003) ''DC Goes to the Movies: A Unique Guide to Reel Washington'' iUniverse. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IcW-V4XrPakC&q=Lincoln+Memorial&pg=PA149 p.149] {{ISBN|9780595267972}}</ref> and in 2009, Mark S. Reinhart compiled some short sketches of dozens of uses of the Memorial in film and television.<ref>{{cite book|author=Reinhart, Mark S.|title=Abraham Lincoln on Screen: Fictional and Documentary Portrayals on Film and Television|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zio49y0tiE0C&pg=PR7|year=2009|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-0-7864-5261-3}}</ref>
Some examples of films include [[Frank Capra]]'s 1939 film ''[[Mr. Smith Goes to Washington]]'', where in a key scene the statue and the Memorial's inscription provide inspiration to freshman Senator Jefferson Smith, played by [[James Stewart]].<ref name="wp">{{cite news|last1=Toney|first1=Veronica|title=It's not just 'Forrest Gump.' The National Mall has had an iconic role in many movies.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/magazine/its-not-just-forrest-gump-the-national-mall-has-had-a-iconic-role-in-many-movies/2015/09/16/90bf78d8-4b7c-11e5-bfb9-9736d04fc8e4_story.html|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=12 February 2017|date=September 17, 2015}}</ref> The Park Service did not want Capra to film at the Memorial, so he sent a large crew elsewhere as a distraction while a smaller crew filmed Stewart and [[Jean Arthur]] inside the Memorial.<ref>Rosales, Jean K. and Jose, Michael R. (2003) ''DC Goes to the Movies: A Unique Guide to Reel Washington'' iUniverse. [https://books.google.com/books?id=IcW-V4XrPakC&dq=%22National+Park+Service%22+filming+%22Lincoln+Memorial%22+inside&pg=PA245 p.245] {{ISBN|9780595267972}}</ref>
Many of the appearances of the Lincoln Memorial are actually digital [[visual effects]], due to restrictive filming rules.<ref name="Sacher2014">{{cite book|last=Sacher|first=Jay|title=Lincoln Memorial: The Story and Design of an American Monument|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9JXiAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA84|access-date=February 12, 2017|date=May 6, 2014|publisher=Chronicle Books|isbn=9781452131986|pages=83–85}}</ref> As of 2017, according to the [[National Park Service]], "Filming/photography is prohibited above the white marble steps and the interior chamber of the Lincoln Memorial."<ref>[https://www.nps.gov/nama/planyourvisit/permits-faqs.htm "Permit FAQS"] National Park Service</ref>
Mitchell Newton-Matza said in 2016 that "Reflecting its cherished place in the hearts of Americans, the Lincoln Memorial has often been featured prominently in popular culture, especially motion pictures."<ref>{{cite book|author=Mitchell Newton-Matza|title=Historic Sites and Landmarks that Shaped America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nW_YDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA324|year=2016|publisher=ABC-CLIO|page=324|isbn=9781610697507}}</ref> According to Tracey Gold Bennett, "The majesty of the Lincoln Memorial is a big draw for film location scouts, producers, and directors because this landmark has appeared in a considerable number of films."<ref>{{cite book|author=Tracey Gold Bennett|title=Washington, D.C., Film and Television|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p76EAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA27|year=2014|publisher=Arcadia|page=27|isbn=9781439642764}}</ref>
Jay Sacher writes:
<blockquote>From high to low, the memorial is cultural shorthand for both American ideals and 1960s radicalism. From [[Forrest Gump]]'s [[Zelig]]-like insertion into anti-war rallies on the steps of the memorial, to the villainous [[Decepticon]] robots discarding the Lincoln statue and claiming it as a throne. ... The memorial's place in the culture is assured even as it is parodied.<ref name=Sacher2014 /></blockquote>
=== Depictions on U.S. currency ===
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}}
From 1959 (the 150th anniversary of Lincoln's birth) to 2008, the memorial, with statue visible through the columns, was depicted on the reverse of the [[Lincoln cent|United States one-cent]] coin, which since 1909 has depicted a bust of Lincoln on its front.<ref>{{cite book| last = Bowers | first = Q. David| author-link = Q. David Bowers| year = 2008| title = A Guide Book of Lincoln Cents| publisher = Whitman Publishing| location = Atlanta, Georgia | isbn = 978-0-7948-2264-4| pages=45, 49–51}}</ref>
The memorial has appeared on the back of the [[United States five-dollar bill|U.S. five-dollar bill]] since 1929.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://d39pc38av48c2g.cloudfront.net/sites/default/files/download-materials/en/5_1914-1993_features.pdf |title=$5 |website=U.S. Currency Education Program |publisher=United States Government |language=en |access-date=2018-05-28| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180528134432/https://d39pc38av48c2g.cloudfront.net/sites/default/files/download-materials/en/5_1914-1993_features.pdf| archive-date=May 28, 2018}}</ref> The front of the bill bears Lincoln's portrait.
==See also==
{{Portal|United States|National Register of Historic Places|Architecture}}
* [[Cultural depictions of Abraham Lincoln]]
* [[Architecture of Washington, D.C.]]
* [[List of areas in the United States National Park System]]
* [[List of national memorials of the United States]]
* [[National Register of Historic Places listings in the District of Columbia]]
* [[Presidential memorials in the United States]]
==References==
'''Informational notes'''
{{Reflist|group=Note}}
'''Citations'''
{{Reflist}}
'''Further reading'''
{{Further|Cultural depictions of Abraham Lincoln#Further reading}}
*[[Judith Dupré|Dupré, Judith]] (2007). ''Monuments: America's History in Art and Memory.'' Random House. {{ISBN|978-1-4000-6582-0}}
*Hufbauer, Benjamin (2006) ''Presidential Temples: How Memorials and Libraries Shape Public Memory.'' University Press of Kansas. {{ISBN|0700614222}}.
*{{cite web|title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form: Lincoln Memorial |last=Pfanz |first=Donald C. |publisher=[[National Park Service]] |url=http://image1.nps.gov:9001/StyleServer/calcrgn?cat=NRHP&item=/Text/NRHP-6340b4580b4649f499fbab210684e03f.djvu&style=nps/FOCUS-DJview.xsl&wid=640&hei=480&oif=jpeg&props=item(SUMMARY,COPYRIGHT) |date=March 4, 1981 |access-date=2009-11-03 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224002508/http://image1.nps.gov:9001/StyleServer/calcrgn?cat=NRHP&item=%2FText%2FNRHP-6340b4580b4649f499fbab210684e03f.djvu&style=nps%2FFOCUS-DJview.xsl&wid=640&hei=480&oif=jpeg&props=item%28SUMMARY%2CCOPYRIGHT%29 |archive-date=February 24, 2012 }}
* [[Scott Sandage|Sandage, Scott A]]. (June 1993) [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2079700 "A Marble House Divided: The Lincoln Memorial, the Civil Rights Movement, and the Politics of Memory, 1939–1963"], ''[[Journal of American History]]'' Vol. 80, No. 1, pp. 135–167
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
{{external media | width = 237px | float = right | headerimage=[[File:Lincoln Memorial in June 2012.jpg|210px]] |video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M9tCeDWmgpo3D Laser Scan: Lincoln Memorial] (0:33), DJS Associates from the [http://www.djsscans.com/blog/lincoln-memorial-project Lincoln Memorial Project]}}
* [http://www.nps.gov/linc/index.htm Lincoln Memorial homepage (NPS)]
* [http://www.terrain360.com/trails/lincoln-memoral Lincoln Memorial Panoramic Tour]
* {{cite web|url=http://www.nationalmall.org/sites-subpage-lincoln.php |title=Trust for the National Mall: Lincoln Memorial |publisher=Trust for the National Mall |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612034249/http://www.nationalmall.org/sites-subpage-lincoln.php |archive-date=2011-06-12 }}
* {{cite web|url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/pdf/bulletin/b2162/b2162.pdf|title=Colorado Yule Marble – Building Stone of the Lincoln Memorial; |publisher=US Geological Survey – Bulletin 2162; 1999}}
* {{cite web|url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=hhsheet&fileName=dc/dc0400/dc0472/sheet/browse.db&action=browse&recNum=0&title2=Lincoln%20Memorial,%20West%20Potomac%20Park,%20Washington,%20District%20of%20Columbia,%20DC&displayType=1&maxCols=2&itemLink=r?ammem/hh:@field(DOCID+@lit(DC0472))|title=Lincoln Memorial Drawings|publisher=National Park Service|year=1993|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081016215609/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=hhsheet&fileName=dc%2Fdc0400%2Fdc0472%2Fsheet%2Fbrowse.db&action=browse&recNum=0&title2=Lincoln%20Memorial%2C%20West%20Potomac%20Park%2C%20Washington%2C%20District%20of%20Columbia%2C%20DC&displayType=1&maxCols=2&itemLink=r%3Fammem%2Fhh%3A%40field%28DOCID+%40lit%28DC0472%29%29|archive-date=2008-10-16}}
* [http://ghostsofdc.org/2013/06/17/alternate-proposed-designs-for-the-lincoln-memorial/ Other Proposed Designs for the Lincoln Memorial]
* {{Cite episode |title=American Icons: The Lincoln Memorial |url=http://www.studio360.org/story/american-icons-the-lincoln-memorial/ |series=Studio 360 |series-link=Studio 360 |network=[[Public Radio International]] |station=[[WNYC]] |location=New York |date=September 10, 2015 |orig-year=February 19, 2010 |number=1637 |access-date=September 13, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912195257/http://www.studio360.org/story/american-icons-the-lincoln-memorial/ |archive-date=September 12, 2015 }} How the Lincoln Memorial became an American icon.
{{Abraham Lincoln}}
{{Washington DC landmarks}}
{{Daniel Chester French}}
{{Streets in Washington, DC}}
{{Protected Areas of the District of Columbia}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Monuments and memorials to Abraham Lincoln in the United States]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1922]]
[[Category:Greek Revival architecture in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Marble buildings]]
[[Category:Monuments and memorials on the National Register of Historic Places in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:National Mall]]
[[Category:National Memorials of the United States]]
[[Category:Stone buildings in the United States]]
[[Category:Vandalized works of art in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:1922 establishments in Washington, D.C.]]
[[Category:Union (American Civil War) monuments and memorials in Washington, D.C.]]' |
Unified diff of changes made by edit (edit_diff) | '@@ -34,9 +34,63 @@
==History==
[[File:West Potomac Park c1912 prior to construction of the Lincoln Memorial.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.2|Future site of the Memorial, c.{{nbsp}}1912]]
-[[File: Taft-Harding-Lincoln.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Chief Justice [[William Howard Taft]], President [[Warren G. Harding|Harding]], and Abraham Lincoln's son, [[Robert Todd Lincoln]], at the dedication of the Lincoln Memorial, May 30, 1922]]
+[[File: Taft-Harding-Lincoln.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Chief Justice [[William Howard Taft]], President [[Warren G. Harding|Harding]], and Abraham Lincoln's son, [[Robert Todd Lincoln]], at the dedication of the Lincoln Memorial, May 30, 1922]] quote from abe lincoln "i love deez nuts".
The first public memorial to [[President of the United States|United States President]] [[Abraham Lincoln]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], was [[Statue of Abraham Lincoln (District of Columbia City Hall)|a statue]] by [[Lot Flannery]] erected in front of the [[District of Columbia City Hall]] in 1868, three years after [[Assassination of Abraham Lincoln|Lincoln's assassination]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Renovation and Expansion of the Historic DC Courthouse|url=http://www.dcappeals.gov/dccourts/appeals/pdf/appeals_renovation_expansion.pdf|publisher=DC Court of Appeals|access-date=5 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105052517/http://www.dcappeals.gov/dccourts/appeals/pdf/appeals_renovation_expansion.pdf|archive-date=5 November 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Washington's Lincoln: The First Monument to the Martyred President|url=http://intowner.com/2016/01/11/washingtons-lincoln-the-first-monument-to-the-martyred-president/|publisher=The Intowner|access-date=29 June 2016|archive-date=14 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114225609/http://intowner.com/2016/01/11/washingtons-lincoln-the-first-monument-to-the-martyred-president/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Demands for a fitting national memorial had been voiced since the time of Lincoln's death. In 1867, [[United State Congress|Congress]] passed the first of many bills incorporating a commission to erect a monument for the sixteenth president. An American sculptor, [[Clark Mills (sculptor)|Clark Mills]], was chosen to design the monument. His plans reflected the nationalistic spirit of the time and called for a {{convert|70|ft|m|adj=on}} structure adorned with six equestrian and 31 pedestrian statues of colossal proportions, crowned by a {{convert|12|ft|m|adj=on}} statue of Abraham Lincoln. Subscriptions for the project were insufficient.<ref name=nrhp4>NRHP Nomination, p. 4</ref>
-[[File:Lincoln Memorial Under Construction 1916.jpg|left|thumb|The Memorial under construction, July 1916]][[File:Lincoln Memorial Dedication with President Harding crop.jpg|thumb|[[President of the United States|United States President]] [[Warren G. Harding]] speaking at the dedication, 1922]]The matter lay dormant until the start of the 20th century, when, under the leadership of [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[Shelby M. Cullom]] of [[Illinois]], six separate bills were introduced in Congress for the incorporation of a new memorial commission. The first five bills, proposed in the years 1901, 1902, and 1908, met with defeat because of opposition from Speaker [[Joseph Gurney Cannon|Joe Cannon]]. The sixth bill (Senate Bill 9449), introduced on December 13, 1910, passed. The Lincoln Memorial Commission had its first meeting the following year and [[President of the United States|United States President]] [[William H. Taft]] was chosen as the commission's president. Progress continued steadily, and by 1913 Congress had approved the commission's choice of design and location.<ref name="nrhp4" />
+[[File:Lincoln Memorial Under Construction 1916.jpg|left|thumb|The Memorial under construction, July 1916]][[File:Lincoln Memorial Dedication with President Harding crop.jpg|thumb|[[President of the United States|United States President]] [[Warren G. Harding]] speaking at the dedication, 1922]]The matter lay dormant until the start of the 20th century, when, under the leadership of [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[Shelby M. Cullom]] of [[Illinois]], six separate bills were introduced in Congress for the incorporation of a new memorial commission. The first five bills, proposed in the years 1901, 1902, and 1908, met with defeat because of opposition from Speaker [[Joseph Gurney Cannon|Joe Cannon]]. The sixth bill (Senate Bill 9449), introduced on December 13, 1910, passed. The Lincoln Memorial Commission had its first meeting the following year and [[President of the United States|United States President]] [[William H. Taft]] was chosen as the commission's president. Progress continued steadily,Quandale Dingle is the name of a Pennsauken high school football player featured in a series of goofy ahh shitpost memes based on a viral screenshot of a PC login screen for a man with the name. The earliest known upload of the screenshot was posted to TikTok in September 2021 and went viral through reposts, inspiring further memes referencing the name and how ridiculous it is. In late 2021 throughout early 2022 people began using distorted images of people, mostly images of rapper NBA Youngboy, to represent Quandale Dingle in ironic memes. The name also inspired a trend where TikTokers create parody RapTV posts about Quandale.
+
+Origin
+Quandale Dingle is a senior football player at Pennsauken Football.[12] He is number 25 for the Pennsauken Indians. Quandale can be seen in a full football uniform in a November 12th, 2021 video of a game versus the Millville Thunderbolts uploaded to YouTube[13] by QBC TV (shown below).
+
+
+
+10125 65 73
+
+On September 13th, 2021, TikTok[16] user @asapfeet posted a video of a PC login screen for a user named Quandale Dingle, a black text box on top of the screenshot reads, "who tf goofy ass name is this bruh," gaining over 18,600 views in six months. The video has since been deleted (screenshot shown below). That day, Twitter[3] user @slashafilm posted a screenshot of the screen.
+
+
+
+who tf goofy ass name | is this bruh Quandale Dingle
+
+Spread
+On September 14th, 2021, Instagram[1] user supremecheetos reposted a cropped version of the meme. The meme was reposted that day to Facebook[2] page Memes to satisfy the sophisticated gentleman, gaining over 1,000 shares and 2,000 reactions in six months. On September 18th, 2021, Instagram[4] user memixes reposted a 21st-Century Humor compilation from the private TikTok account @remsoios that begins with the image, gaining over 32,000 views in six months (shown below).
+
+ and by 1913 Congress had approved the commission's choice of design and location.<ref name="nrhp4" />Quandale Dingle is the name of a Pennsauken high school football player featured in a series of goofy ahh shitpost memes based on a viral screenshot of a PC login screen for a man with the name. The earliest known upload of the screenshot was posted to TikTok in September 2021 and went viral through reposts, inspiring further memes referencing the name and how ridiculous it is. In late 2021 throughout early 2022 people began using distorted images of people, mostly images of rapper NBA Youngboy, to represent Quandale Dingle in ironic memes. The name also inspired a trend where TikTokers create parody RapTV posts about Quandale.
+
+Origin
+Quandale Dingle is a senior football player at Pennsauken Football.[12] He is number 25 for the Pennsauken Indians. Quandale can be seen in a full football uniform in a November 12th, 2021 video of a game versus the Millville Thunderbolts uploaded to YouTube[13] by QBC TV (shown below).
+
+
+
+10125 65 73
+
+On September 13th, 2021, TikTok[16] user @asapfeet posted a video of a PC login screen for a user named Quandale Dingle, a black text box on top of the screenshot reads, "who tf goofy ass name is this bruh," gaining over 18,600 views in six months. The video has since been deleted (screenshot shown below). That day, Twitter[3] user @slashafilm posted a screenshot of the screen.
+
+
+
+who tf goofy ass name | is this bruh Quandale Dingle
+
+Spread
+On September 14th, 2021, Instagram[1] user supremecheetos reposted a cropped version of the meme. The meme was reposted that day to Facebook[2] page Memes to satisfy the sophisticated gentleman, gaining over 1,000 shares and 2,000 reactions in six months. On September 18th, 2021, Instagram[4] user memixes reposted a 21st-Century Humor compilation from the private TikTok account @remsoios that begins with the image, gaining over 32,000 views in six months (shown below).
+
+Quandale Dingle is the name of a Pennsauken high school football player featured in a series of goofy ahh shitpost memes based on a viral screenshot of a PC login screen for a man with the name. The earliest known upload of the screenshot was posted to TikTok in September 2021 and went viral through reposts, inspiring further memes referencing the name and how ridiculous it is. In late 2021 throughout early 2022 people began using distorted images of people, mostly images of rapper NBA Youngboy, to represent Quandale Dingle in ironic memes. The name also inspired a trend where TikTokers create parody RapTV posts about Quandale.
+
+Origin
+Quandale Dingle is a senior football player at Pennsauken Football.[12] He is number 25 for the Pennsauken Indians. Quandale can be seen in a full football uniform in a November 12th, 2021 video of a game versus the Millville Thunderbolts uploaded to YouTube[13] by QBC TV (shown below).
+
+
+
+10125 65 73
+
+On September 13th, 2021, TikTok[16] user @asapfeet posted a video of a PC login screen for a user named Quandale Dingle, a black text box on top of the screenshot reads, "who tf goofy ass name is this bruh," gaining over 18,600 views in six months. The video has since been deleted (screenshot shown below). That day, Twitter[3] user @slashafilm posted a screenshot of the screen.
+
+
+
+who tf goofy ass name | is this bruh Quandale Dingle
+
+Spread
+On September 14th, 2021, Instagram[1] user supremecheetos reposted a cropped version of the meme. The meme was reposted that day to Facebook[2] page Memes to satisfy the sophisticated gentleman, gaining over 1,000 shares and 2,000 reactions in six months. On September 18th, 2021, Instagram[4] user memixes reposted a 21st-Century Humor compilation from the private TikTok account @remsoios that begins with the image, gaining over 32,000 views in six months (shown below).
+
+
There were questions regarding the commission's plan. Many thought architect Henry Bacon's Greek temple design was far too ostentatious for a man of Lincoln's humble character. Instead, they proposed a simple log cabin shrine. The site too did not go unopposed. The recently reclaimed land in [[West Potomac Park]] was seen by many as either too swampy or too inaccessible. Other sites, such as [[Union Station (Washington, D.C.)|Union Station]], were put forth. The Commission stood firm in its recommendation, feeling that the Potomac Park location, situated on the [[Washington Monument]]–[[United States Capitol|Capitol]] axis, overlooking the [[Potomac River]] and surrounded by open land, was ideal. Furthermore, the Potomac Park site had already been designated in the [[McMillan Plan]] of 1901 to be the location of a future monument comparable to that of the Washington Monument.<ref name=nrhp4/><ref>Thomas, Christopher A. (2002) ''The Lincoln Memorial and American Life'' Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. {{ISBN|069101194X}}</ref>
' |
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37 => 'Quandale Dingle is the name of a Pennsauken high school football player featured in a series of goofy ahh shitpost memes based on a viral screenshot of a PC login screen for a man with the name. The earliest known upload of the screenshot was posted to TikTok in September 2021 and went viral through reposts, inspiring further memes referencing the name and how ridiculous it is. In late 2021 throughout early 2022 people began using distorted images of people, mostly images of rapper NBA Youngboy, to represent Quandale Dingle in ironic memes. The name also inspired a trend where TikTokers create parody RapTV posts about Quandale.',
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Lines removed in edit (removed_lines) | [
0 => '[[File: Taft-Harding-Lincoln.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Chief Justice [[William Howard Taft]], President [[Warren G. Harding|Harding]], and Abraham Lincoln's son, [[Robert Todd Lincoln]], at the dedication of the Lincoln Memorial, May 30, 1922]]',
1 => '[[File:Lincoln Memorial Under Construction 1916.jpg|left|thumb|The Memorial under construction, July 1916]][[File:Lincoln Memorial Dedication with President Harding crop.jpg|thumb|[[President of the United States|United States President]] [[Warren G. Harding]] speaking at the dedication, 1922]]The matter lay dormant until the start of the 20th century, when, under the leadership of [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[Shelby M. Cullom]] of [[Illinois]], six separate bills were introduced in Congress for the incorporation of a new memorial commission. The first five bills, proposed in the years 1901, 1902, and 1908, met with defeat because of opposition from Speaker [[Joseph Gurney Cannon|Joe Cannon]]. The sixth bill (Senate Bill 9449), introduced on December 13, 1910, passed. The Lincoln Memorial Commission had its first meeting the following year and [[President of the United States|United States President]] [[William H. Taft]] was chosen as the commission's president. Progress continued steadily, and by 1913 Congress had approved the commission's choice of design and location.<ref name="nrhp4" />'
] |
All external links added in the edit (added_links) | [] |
All external links removed in the edit (removed_links) | [] |
All external links in the new text (all_links) | [
0 => 'https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lincoln_Memorial¶ms=38_53_21.4_N_77_3_0.5_W_type:landmark_region:US-DC',
1 => 'https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP',
2 => 'https://irma.nps.gov/Stats/SSRSReports/National%20Reports/Annual%20Park%20Ranking%20Report%20(1979%20-%20Last%20Calendar%20Year)',
3 => 'http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/cultural_diversity/Lincoln_Memorial_National_Memorial.html',
4 => 'https://irma.nps.gov/Stats/SSRSReports/Park%20Specific%20Reports/Annual%20Park%20Recreation%20Visitation%20(1904%20-%20Last%20Calendar%20Year)?Park=LINC',
5 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20111105052517/http://www.dcappeals.gov/dccourts/appeals/pdf/appeals_renovation_expansion.pdf',
6 => 'http://www.dcappeals.gov/dccourts/appeals/pdf/appeals_renovation_expansion.pdf',
7 => 'https://web.archive.org/web/20170114225609/http://intowner.com/2016/01/11/washingtons-lincoln-the-first-monument-to-the-martyred-president/',
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Parsed HTML source of the new revision (new_html) | '<div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">National memorial in Washington, D.C.</div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033289096">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>For the university in Tennessee, see <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial_University" title="Lincoln Memorial University">Lincoln Memorial University</a>.</span> <span>"Lincoln Monument" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_(disambiguation)#Memorials_and_monuments" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Lincoln (disambiguation)">Lincoln (disambiguation) § Memorials and monuments</a>.</span></div>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack stack-right"><div>
<div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United States historic place</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1218072481">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data div{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-spacing:1px;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="padding:0; border:none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1218072481"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%; font-size:110%; font-weight:bold; background: #A8EDEF; line-height:1.5">Lincoln Memorial</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.5; background: #A8EDEF;"><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">U.S. National Register of Historic Places</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="width:100%; text-align:center; line-height:1.4; background: #A8EDEF"><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Memorials_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="List of National Memorials of the United States">U.S. National Memorial</a></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">
</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_Lincoln_Memorial_-_east_side_EDIT.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Aerial_view_of_Lincoln_Memorial_-_east_side_EDIT.jpeg/250px-Aerial_view_of_Lincoln_Memorial_-_east_side_EDIT.jpeg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Aerial_view_of_Lincoln_Memorial_-_east_side_EDIT.jpeg/375px-Aerial_view_of_Lincoln_Memorial_-_east_side_EDIT.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Aerial_view_of_Lincoln_Memorial_-_east_side_EDIT.jpeg/500px-Aerial_view_of_Lincoln_Memorial_-_east_side_EDIT.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3222" data-file-height="2158" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A aerial view of the Lincoln Memorial on 16th May, 2010</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219143323">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#000;color:#fff}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#000;color:#fff}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_map_Washington,_D.C._central.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Lincoln Memorial is located in Central Washington, D.C."><img alt="Lincoln Memorial is located in Central Washington, D.C." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Location_map_Washington%2C_D.C._central.png/250px-Location_map_Washington%2C_D.C._central.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Location_map_Washington%2C_D.C._central.png/375px-Location_map_Washington%2C_D.C._central.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Location_map_Washington%2C_D.C._central.png/500px-Location_map_Washington%2C_D.C._central.png 2x" data-file-width="627" data-file-height="599" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:59.078%;left:14.811%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Lincoln Memorial"><img alt="Lincoln Memorial" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Central Washington, D.C.</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1219143323"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_District_of_Columbia_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lincoln Memorial is located in the District of Columbia"><img alt="Lincoln Memorial is located in the District of Columbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/USA_District_of_Columbia_location_map.svg/250px-USA_District_of_Columbia_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/USA_District_of_Columbia_location_map.svg/375px-USA_District_of_Columbia_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/USA_District_of_Columbia_location_map.svg/500px-USA_District_of_Columbia_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="949" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:52.725%;left:34.722%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Lincoln Memorial"><img alt="Lincoln Memorial" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/7px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/11px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/14px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of the District of Columbia</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a href="/wiki/National_Mall" title="National Mall">National Mall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion load-gadget" data-gadget="WikiMiniAtlas"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lincoln_Memorial&params=38_53_21.4_N_77_3_0.5_W_type:landmark_region:US-DC"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">38°53′21.4″N</span> <span class="longitude">77°3′0.5″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">38.889278°N 77.050139°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">38.889278; -77.050139</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Area</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">27,336 square feet (2,539.6 m<sup>2</sup>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Built</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">1914–1922</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Architect</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bacon" title="Henry Bacon">Henry Bacon</a> (architect)<br /><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Chester_French" title="Daniel Chester French">Daniel Chester French</a> (sculptor)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Architectural style</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival</a><sup id="cite_ref-nris_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nris-1">[1]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Visitation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">8,099,148 (2023)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/linc/index.htm">Lincoln Memorial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">NRHP reference <abbr title="number">No.</abbr></th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/66000030">66000030</a><sup id="cite_ref-nris_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nris-1">[1]</a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold; border: 0;">Added to NRHP</th><td class="infobox-data" style="border: 0;">October 15, 1966</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>
<p>The <b>Lincoln Memorial</b> is a <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_memorials_of_the_United_States" title="List of national memorials of the United States">U.S. national memorial</a> that honors the <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">16th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>. An example of <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">neoclassicism</a>, it is in the form of a classical temple and is located at the western end of the <a href="/wiki/National_Mall" title="National Mall">National Mall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Bacon" title="Henry Bacon">Henry Bacon</a> is the memorial's architect and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Chester_French" title="Daniel Chester French">Daniel Chester French</a> designed the large interior statue of a seated <i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(Lincoln_Memorial)" title="Statue of Abraham Lincoln (Lincoln Memorial)">Abraham Lincoln</a></i> (1920), which was carved in marble by the <a href="/wiki/Piccirilli_Brothers" title="Piccirilli Brothers">Piccirilli brothers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jules_Guerin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jules Guerin">Jules Guerin</a> painted the interior murals, and the epitaph above the statue was written by <a href="/wiki/Royal_Cortissoz" title="Royal Cortissoz">Royal Cortissoz</a>. Dedicated on May 30, 1922, it is one of several <a href="/wiki/Presidential_memorials_in_the_United_States" title="Presidential memorials in the United States">memorials built to honor an American president</a>. It has been a major tourist attraction since its opening, and over the years, has occasionally been used as a symbolic center focused on <a href="/wiki/Race_relations" title="Race relations">race relations</a> and civil rights.
</p><p><a href="/wiki/Doric_order" title="Doric order">Doric</a> style columns line the temple exterior, and the inscriptions inside include two well-known speeches by Lincoln, <a href="/wiki/The_Gettysburg_Address" class="mw-redirect" title="The Gettysburg Address">the Gettysburg Address</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_second_inaugural_address" title="Abraham Lincoln's second inaugural address">his second inaugural address</a>. The memorial has been the site of many famous speeches and songs, including <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">I Have a Dream</a>" speech was delivered on August 28, 1963, during the rally at the end of the <a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom</a>.
</p><p>Like other monuments on the National Mall – including the nearby <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Veterans_Memorial" title="Vietnam Veterans Memorial">Vietnam Veterans Memorial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_War_Veterans_Memorial" title="Korean War Veterans Memorial">Korean War Veterans Memorial</a>, and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_Memorial" title="World War II Memorial">World War II Memorial</a> – the <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_memorials_of_the_United_States" title="List of national memorials of the United States">national memorial</a> is administered by the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> under its <a href="/wiki/National_Mall_and_Memorial_Parks" title="National Mall and Memorial Parks">National Mall and Memorial Parks</a> group. It has been listed on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> since October 15, 1966, and was ranked seventh on the <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Architects" title="American Institute of Architects">American Institute of Architects</a>' 2007 list of <a href="/wiki/America%27s_Favorite_Architecture" title="America's Favorite Architecture">America's Favorite Architecture</a>. The memorial is open to the public 24 hours a day, and more than seven million people visit it annually.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></sup>
</p>
<div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Exterior"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Exterior</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Interior"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Interior</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Undercroft"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Undercroft</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Statue"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Statue</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Sculptural_features"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Sculptural features</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Impact"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Impact</span></a>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Sacred_space"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Sacred space</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#In_popular_culture"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">In popular culture</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Depictions_on_U.S._currency"><span class="tocnumber">5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Depictions on U.S. currency</span></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li>
<li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lincoln_Memorial&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Potomac_Park_c1912_prior_to_construction_of_the_Lincoln_Memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/West_Potomac_Park_c1912_prior_to_construction_of_the_Lincoln_Memorial.jpg/260px-West_Potomac_Park_c1912_prior_to_construction_of_the_Lincoln_Memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/West_Potomac_Park_c1912_prior_to_construction_of_the_Lincoln_Memorial.jpg/390px-West_Potomac_Park_c1912_prior_to_construction_of_the_Lincoln_Memorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/West_Potomac_Park_c1912_prior_to_construction_of_the_Lincoln_Memorial.jpg/520px-West_Potomac_Park_c1912_prior_to_construction_of_the_Lincoln_Memorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1999" data-file-height="1085" /></a><figcaption>Future site of the Memorial, c.<span class="nowrap"> </span>1912</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taft-Harding-Lincoln.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Taft-Harding-Lincoln.jpg/260px-Taft-Harding-Lincoln.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Taft-Harding-Lincoln.jpg/390px-Taft-Harding-Lincoln.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Taft-Harding-Lincoln.jpg/520px-Taft-Harding-Lincoln.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1428" data-file-height="1082" /></a><figcaption>Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a>, President <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a>, and Abraham Lincoln's son, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Todd_Lincoln" title="Robert Todd Lincoln">Robert Todd Lincoln</a>, at the dedication of the Lincoln Memorial, May 30, 1922</figcaption></figure><p> quote from abe lincoln "i love deez nuts".
</p><p>The first public memorial to <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">United States President</a> <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, was <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(District_of_Columbia_City_Hall)" title="Statue of Abraham Lincoln (District of Columbia City Hall)">a statue</a> by <a href="/wiki/Lot_Flannery" title="Lot Flannery">Lot Flannery</a> erected in front of the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_City_Hall" title="District of Columbia City Hall">District of Columbia City Hall</a> in 1868, three years after <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln's assassination</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> Demands for a fitting national memorial had been voiced since the time of Lincoln's death. In 1867, <a href="/wiki/United_State_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="United State Congress">Congress</a> passed the first of many bills incorporating a commission to erect a monument for the sixteenth president. An American sculptor, <a href="/wiki/Clark_Mills_(sculptor)" title="Clark Mills (sculptor)">Clark Mills</a>, was chosen to design the monument. His plans reflected the nationalistic spirit of the time and called for a 70-foot (21 m) structure adorned with six equestrian and 31 pedestrian statues of colossal proportions, crowned by a 12-foot (3.7 m) statue of Abraham Lincoln. Subscriptions for the project were insufficient.<sup id="cite_ref-nrhp4_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrhp4-7">[7]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_Memorial_Under_Construction_1916.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Lincoln_Memorial_Under_Construction_1916.jpg/220px-Lincoln_Memorial_Under_Construction_1916.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Lincoln_Memorial_Under_Construction_1916.jpg/330px-Lincoln_Memorial_Under_Construction_1916.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Lincoln_Memorial_Under_Construction_1916.jpg/440px-Lincoln_Memorial_Under_Construction_1916.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1471" data-file-height="1157" /></a><figcaption>The Memorial under construction, July 1916</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_Memorial_Dedication_with_President_Harding_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lincoln_Memorial_Dedication_with_President_Harding_crop.jpg/220px-Lincoln_Memorial_Dedication_with_President_Harding_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lincoln_Memorial_Dedication_with_President_Harding_crop.jpg/330px-Lincoln_Memorial_Dedication_with_President_Harding_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lincoln_Memorial_Dedication_with_President_Harding_crop.jpg/440px-Lincoln_Memorial_Dedication_with_President_Harding_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2525" data-file-height="1767" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">United States President</a> <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> speaking at the dedication, 1922</figcaption></figure><p>The matter lay dormant until the start of the 20th century, when, under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Shelby_M._Cullom" title="Shelby M. Cullom">Shelby M. Cullom</a> of <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>, six separate bills were introduced in Congress for the incorporation of a new memorial commission. The first five bills, proposed in the years 1901, 1902, and 1908, met with defeat because of opposition from Speaker <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Joe Cannon</a>. The sixth bill (Senate Bill 9449), introduced on December 13, 1910, passed. The Lincoln Memorial Commission had its first meeting the following year and <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">United States President</a> <a href="/wiki/William_H._Taft" class="mw-redirect" title="William H. Taft">William H. Taft</a> was chosen as the commission's president. Progress continued steadily,Quandale Dingle is the name of a Pennsauken high school football player featured in a series of goofy ahh shitpost memes based on a viral screenshot of a PC login screen for a man with the name. The earliest known upload of the screenshot was posted to TikTok in September 2021 and went viral through reposts, inspiring further memes referencing the name and how ridiculous it is. In late 2021 throughout early 2022 people began using distorted images of people, mostly images of rapper NBA Youngboy, to represent Quandale Dingle in ironic memes. The name also inspired a trend where TikTokers create parody RapTV posts about Quandale.
</p><p>Origin
Quandale Dingle is a senior football player at Pennsauken Football.[12] He is number 25 for the Pennsauken Indians. Quandale can be seen in a full football uniform in a November 12th, 2021 video of a game versus the Millville Thunderbolts uploaded to YouTube[13] by QBC TV (shown below).
</p><p><br />
</p><p>10125 65 73
</p><p>On September 13th, 2021, TikTok[16] user @asapfeet posted a video of a PC login screen for a user named Quandale Dingle, a black text box on top of the screenshot reads, "who tf goofy ass name is this bruh," gaining over 18,600 views in six months. The video has since been deleted (screenshot shown below). That day, Twitter[3] user @slashafilm posted a screenshot of the screen.
</p><p><br />
</p><p>who tf goofy ass name | is this bruh Quandale Dingle
</p><p>Spread
On September 14th, 2021, Instagram[1] user supremecheetos reposted a cropped version of the meme. The meme was reposted that day to Facebook[2] page Memes to satisfy the sophisticated gentleman, gaining over 1,000 shares and 2,000 reactions in six months. On September 18th, 2021, Instagram[4] user memixes reposted a 21st-Century Humor compilation from the private TikTok account @remsoios that begins with the image, gaining over 32,000 views in six months (shown below).
</p>
<pre>and by 1913 Congress had approved the commission's choice of design and location.<sup id="cite_ref-nrhp4_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrhp4-7">[7]</a></sup>Quandale Dingle is the name of a Pennsauken high school football player featured in a series of goofy ahh shitpost memes based on a viral screenshot of a PC login screen for a man with the name. The earliest known upload of the screenshot was posted to TikTok in September 2021 and went viral through reposts, inspiring further memes referencing the name and how ridiculous it is. In late 2021 throughout early 2022 people began using distorted images of people, mostly images of rapper NBA Youngboy, to represent Quandale Dingle in ironic memes. The name also inspired a trend where TikTokers create parody RapTV posts about Quandale.
</pre>
<p>Origin
Quandale Dingle is a senior football player at Pennsauken Football.[12] He is number 25 for the Pennsauken Indians. Quandale can be seen in a full football uniform in a November 12th, 2021 video of a game versus the Millville Thunderbolts uploaded to YouTube[13] by QBC TV (shown below).
</p><p><br />
</p><p>10125 65 73
</p><p>On September 13th, 2021, TikTok[16] user @asapfeet posted a video of a PC login screen for a user named Quandale Dingle, a black text box on top of the screenshot reads, "who tf goofy ass name is this bruh," gaining over 18,600 views in six months. The video has since been deleted (screenshot shown below). That day, Twitter[3] user @slashafilm posted a screenshot of the screen.
</p><p><br />
</p><p>who tf goofy ass name | is this bruh Quandale Dingle
</p><p>Spread
On September 14th, 2021, Instagram[1] user supremecheetos reposted a cropped version of the meme. The meme was reposted that day to Facebook[2] page Memes to satisfy the sophisticated gentleman, gaining over 1,000 shares and 2,000 reactions in six months. On September 18th, 2021, Instagram[4] user memixes reposted a 21st-Century Humor compilation from the private TikTok account @remsoios that begins with the image, gaining over 32,000 views in six months (shown below).
</p><p>Quandale Dingle is the name of a Pennsauken high school football player featured in a series of goofy ahh shitpost memes based on a viral screenshot of a PC login screen for a man with the name. The earliest known upload of the screenshot was posted to TikTok in September 2021 and went viral through reposts, inspiring further memes referencing the name and how ridiculous it is. In late 2021 throughout early 2022 people began using distorted images of people, mostly images of rapper NBA Youngboy, to represent Quandale Dingle in ironic memes. The name also inspired a trend where TikTokers create parody RapTV posts about Quandale.
</p><p>Origin
Quandale Dingle is a senior football player at Pennsauken Football.[12] He is number 25 for the Pennsauken Indians. Quandale can be seen in a full football uniform in a November 12th, 2021 video of a game versus the Millville Thunderbolts uploaded to YouTube[13] by QBC TV (shown below).
</p><p><br />
</p><p>10125 65 73
</p><p>On September 13th, 2021, TikTok[16] user @asapfeet posted a video of a PC login screen for a user named Quandale Dingle, a black text box on top of the screenshot reads, "who tf goofy ass name is this bruh," gaining over 18,600 views in six months. The video has since been deleted (screenshot shown below). That day, Twitter[3] user @slashafilm posted a screenshot of the screen.
</p><p><br />
</p><p>who tf goofy ass name | is this bruh Quandale Dingle
</p><p>Spread
On September 14th, 2021, Instagram[1] user supremecheetos reposted a cropped version of the meme. The meme was reposted that day to Facebook[2] page Memes to satisfy the sophisticated gentleman, gaining over 1,000 shares and 2,000 reactions in six months. On September 18th, 2021, Instagram[4] user memixes reposted a 21st-Century Humor compilation from the private TikTok account @remsoios that begins with the image, gaining over 32,000 views in six months (shown below).
</p><p><br />
</p><p>There were questions regarding the commission's plan. Many thought architect Henry Bacon's Greek temple design was far too ostentatious for a man of Lincoln's humble character. Instead, they proposed a simple log cabin shrine. The site too did not go unopposed. The recently reclaimed land in <a href="/wiki/West_Potomac_Park" title="West Potomac Park">West Potomac Park</a> was seen by many as either too swampy or too inaccessible. Other sites, such as <a href="/wiki/Union_Station_(Washington,_D.C.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Station (Washington, D.C.)">Union Station</a>, were put forth. The Commission stood firm in its recommendation, feeling that the Potomac Park location, situated on the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument" title="Washington Monument">Washington Monument</a>–<a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">Capitol</a> axis, overlooking the <a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac River</a> and surrounded by open land, was ideal. Furthermore, the Potomac Park site had already been designated in the <a href="/wiki/McMillan_Plan" title="McMillan Plan">McMillan Plan</a> of 1901 to be the location of a future monument comparable to that of the Washington Monument.<sup id="cite_ref-nrhp4_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrhp4-7">[7]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup>
</p><p>With Congressional approval and a $300,000 allocation, the project got underway. On February 12, 1914, contractor M. F. Comer of Toledo, Ohio; resident member of the memorial's commission, former Senator Joseph C. S. Blackburn of Kentucky; and the memorial's designer, Henry Bacon conducted a groundbreaking ceremony by turning over a few spadefuls of earth.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup> The following month is when actual construction began. Work progressed steadily according to schedule. Some changes were made to the plan. The statue of Lincoln, originally designed to be 10 feet (3.0 m) tall, was enlarged to 19 feet (5.8 m) to prevent it from being overwhelmed by the huge chamber. As late as 1920, the decision was made to substitute an open portal for the bronze and glass grille which was to have guarded the entrance. Despite these changes, the Memorial was finished on schedule. Commission president William H. Taft – who was then Chief Justice of the United States – dedicated the Memorial on May 30, 1922, and presented it to <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">United States President</a> <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a>, who accepted it on behalf of the American people. Lincoln's only surviving son, 78-year-old <a href="/wiki/Robert_Todd_Lincoln" title="Robert Todd Lincoln">Robert Todd Lincoln</a>, was in attendance.<sup id="cite_ref-nrhp5_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrhp5-10">[10]</a></sup> Prominent African Americans were invited to the event and discovered upon arrival they were assigned a segregated section guarded by <a href="/wiki/U.S._Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Marines">U.S. Marines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Memorial was listed on the <a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a> on October 15, 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-nrhp6_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrhp6-12">[12]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Exterior">Exterior</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lincoln_Memorial&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Exterior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p>The exterior of the Memorial echoes a classic <a href="/wiki/Greek_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek temple">Greek temple</a> and features <a href="/wiki/Yule_marble" class="mw-redirect" title="Yule marble">Yule marble</a> quarried from <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>. The structure measures 189.7 by 118.5 feet (57.8 by 36.1 m) and is 99 feet (30 m) tall. It is surrounded by a <a href="/wiki/Peristyle" title="Peristyle">peristyle</a> of 36 <a href="/wiki/Fluting_(architecture)" title="Fluting (architecture)">fluted</a> <a href="/wiki/Doric_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Doric column">Doric columns</a>, one for each of the 36 states in the Union at the time of Lincoln's death, and two columns <a href="/wiki/Anta_(architecture)" title="Anta (architecture)">in-antis</a> at the entrance behind the <a href="/wiki/Colonnade" title="Colonnade">colonnade</a>. The columns stand 44 feet (13 m) tall with a base diameter of 7.5 feet (2.3 m). Each column is built from 12 drums including the <a href="/wiki/Capital_(architecture)" title="Capital (architecture)">capital</a>. The columns, like the exterior walls and facades, are inclined slightly toward the building's interior. This is to compensate for perspective distortions which would otherwise make the memorial appear to bulge out at the top when compared with the bottom, a common feature of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Ancient Greek architecture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nrhp2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrhp2-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_Memorial_Friezes_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Lincoln_Memorial_Friezes_crop.jpg/280px-Lincoln_Memorial_Friezes_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Lincoln_Memorial_Friezes_crop.jpg/420px-Lincoln_Memorial_Friezes_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Lincoln_Memorial_Friezes_crop.jpg/560px-Lincoln_Memorial_Friezes_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="493" /></a><figcaption>Detail of the Memorial's <a href="/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze">friezes</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Above the colonnade, inscribed on the <a href="/wiki/Frieze" title="Frieze">frieze</a>, are the names of the 36 states in the Union at the time of <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln's death</a> and the dates in which they entered the Union.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[Note 1]</a></sup> Their names are separated by double wreath medallions in <a href="/wiki/Bas-relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Bas-relief">bas-relief</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cornice" title="Cornice">cornice</a> is composed of a carved scroll regularly interspersed with projecting lions' heads and ornamented with palmetto cresting along the upper edge. Above this on the attic frieze are inscribed the names of the 48 states present at the time of the Memorial's dedication. A bit higher is a <a href="/wiki/Garland" title="Garland">garland</a> joined by ribbons and palm leaves, supported by the wings of eagles. All ornamentation on the friezes and cornices was done by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_C._Bairstow" title="Ernest C. Bairstow">Ernest C. Bairstow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nrhp2_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrhp2-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Memorial is anchored in a concrete foundation, 44 to 66 feet (13 to 20 m) in depth, constructed by M. F. Comer and Company and the National Foundation and Engineering Company, and is encompassed by a 187-by-257-foot (57 by 78 m) rectangular granite <a href="/wiki/Retaining_wall" title="Retaining wall">retaining wall</a> measuring 14 feet (4.3 m) in height.<sup id="cite_ref-nrhp2_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrhp2-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p>Leading up to the shrine on the east side are the main steps. Beginning at the edge of the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial_Reflecting_Pool" title="Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool">Reflecting Pool</a>, the steps rise to the <b>Lincoln Memorial Circle</b> roadway surrounding the edifice, then to the main portal, intermittently spaced with a series of platforms. Flanking the steps as they approach the entrance are two buttresses each crowned with an 11-foot (3.4 m) tall tripod carved from pink <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_marble" title="Tennessee marble">Tennessee marble</a><sup id="cite_ref-nrhp2_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrhp2-13">[13]</a></sup> by the Piccirilli Brothers.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a></sup> There are a total of 87 steps (58 steps from the chamber to the plaza and 29 steps from the plaza to the Reflecting Pool).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Interior">Interior</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lincoln_Memorial&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Interior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_Memorial,_%22I_Have_a_Dream%22_50th_anniversary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Lincoln_Memorial%2C_%22I_Have_a_Dream%22_50th_anniversary.jpg/260px-Lincoln_Memorial%2C_%22I_Have_a_Dream%22_50th_anniversary.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Lincoln_Memorial%2C_%22I_Have_a_Dream%22_50th_anniversary.jpg/390px-Lincoln_Memorial%2C_%22I_Have_a_Dream%22_50th_anniversary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Lincoln_Memorial%2C_%22I_Have_a_Dream%22_50th_anniversary.jpg/520px-Lincoln_Memorial%2C_%22I_Have_a_Dream%22_50th_anniversary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, First Lady <a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a>, and former Presidents <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> walk past <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(Lincoln_Memorial)" title="Statue of Abraham Lincoln (Lincoln Memorial)">President Lincoln's statue</a> to participate in the 2013 50th anniversary ceremony of the historic <a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">I Have a Dream</a>" speech</figcaption></figure>
<p>The Memorial's interior is divided into three chambers by two rows of four <a href="/wiki/Ionic_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionic column">Ionic columns</a>, each 50 feet (15 m) tall and 5.5 feet (1.7 m) across at their base. The central chamber, housing the statue of Lincoln, is 60 feet (18 m) wide, 74 feet (23 m) deep, and 60 feet (18 m) high.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a></sup> The north and south chambers display carved inscriptions of Lincoln's <a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_second_inaugural_address" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln's second inaugural address">second inaugural address</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Address" title="Gettysburg Address">Gettysburg Address</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[Note 2]</a></sup> Bordering these inscriptions are <a href="/wiki/Pilaster" title="Pilaster">pilasters</a> ornamented with <a href="/wiki/Fasces" title="Fasces">fasces</a>, eagles, and wreaths. The inscriptions and adjoining ornamentation are by <a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Beatrice_Longman" title="Evelyn Beatrice Longman">Evelyn Beatrice Longman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nrhp2_13-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrhp2-13">[13]</a></sup>
</p><p>The Memorial is replete with symbolic elements. The 36 columns represent the states of the Union at the time of <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln's death</a>; the 48 stone festoons above the columns represent the 48 states in 1922. Inside, each inscription is surmounted by a 60-by-12-foot (18.3 by 3.7 m) mural by <a href="/wiki/Jules_Guerin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jules Guerin">Jules Guerin</a> portraying principles seen as evident in Lincoln's life: Freedom, Liberty, Morality, Justice, and the Law on the south wall; Unity, Fraternity, and Charity on the north. Cypress trees, representing Eternity, are in the murals' backgrounds. The murals' paint incorporated kerosene and wax to protect the exposed artwork from fluctuations in temperature and moisture.<sup id="cite_ref-nrhp3_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrhp3-19">[17]</a></sup>
</p><p>The ceiling consists of bronze girders ornamented with laurel and oak leaves. Between these are panels of <a href="/wiki/Sylacauga_marble" title="Sylacauga marble">Alabama marble</a>, saturated with <a href="/wiki/Mineral_oil" title="Mineral oil">paraffin</a> to increase translucency. But feeling that the statue required even more light, Bacon and French designed metal slats for the ceiling to conceal floodlights, which could be modulated to supplement the natural light; this modification was installed in 1929. The one major alteration since was the addition of an elevator for the disabled in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-nrhp3_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrhp3-19">[17]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Undercroft">Undercroft</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lincoln_Memorial&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Undercroft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<p>Below the memorial is an <a href="/wiki/Undercroft" title="Undercroft">undercroft</a>. Due to water seeping through the calcium carbonate within the marble, over time <a href="/wiki/Stalactite" title="Stalactite">stalactites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stalagmite" title="Stalagmite">stalagmites</a> have formed within it.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[18]</a></sup> During construction, <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a> was scrawled on it by workers,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a></sup> and is considered historical by the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21">[19]</a></sup> During the 1970s and 1980s, there were regular tours of the undercroft.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a></sup> The tours stopped abruptly in 1989 after a visitor noticed <a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">asbestos</a> and notified the Service.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a></sup> For the memorial's centennial in 2022, the undercroft is planned to be open to visitors following a rehabilitation project funded by <a href="/wiki/David_Rubenstein" title="David Rubenstein">David Rubenstein</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Statue">Statue</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lincoln_Memorial&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Statue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(Lincoln_Memorial)" title="Statue of Abraham Lincoln (Lincoln Memorial)">Statue of Abraham Lincoln (Lincoln Memorial)</a></div>
<table class="toccolours" style="float: left; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 1em; font-size: 101%; background:#c6dbf7; color:black; width:22em; max-width:50%" cellspacing="5">
<tbody><tr>
<td align="center">
<p><b>IN THIS TEMPLE</b><br />
<b>AS IN THE HEARTS OF THE PEOPLE</b><br />
<b>FOR WHOM HE SAVED THE UNION</b><br />
<b>THE MEMORY OF ABRAHAM LINCOLN</b><br />
<b>IS ENSHRINED FOREVER</b>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td align="right">—Epitaph by <a href="/wiki/Royal_Cortissoz" title="Royal Cortissoz">Royal Cortissoz</a>
</td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_Memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Lincoln_Memorial.jpg/260px-Lincoln_Memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Lincoln_Memorial.jpg/390px-Lincoln_Memorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Lincoln_Memorial.jpg/520px-Lincoln_Memorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(Lincoln_Memorial)" title="Statue of Abraham Lincoln (Lincoln Memorial)">Abraham Lincoln</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Chester_French" title="Daniel Chester French">Daniel Chester French</a></figcaption></figure>
<p>Lying between the north and south chambers of the open-air Memorial is the central hall, which contains the large solitary figure of Abraham Lincoln sitting in contemplation. Its sculptor, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Chester_French" title="Daniel Chester French">Daniel Chester French</a>, supervised the six <a href="/wiki/Piccirilli_Brothers" title="Piccirilli Brothers">Piccirilli brothers</a> (Ferruccio, Attilio, Furio, Masaniello, Orazio, and Getulio) in its construction, and it took four years to complete.
</p>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Lincoln_Memorial_Statue,_with_inscription_in_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of the Lincoln Memorial Statue, with inscription in background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/The_Lincoln_Memorial_Statue%2C_with_inscription_in_background.jpg/220px-The_Lincoln_Memorial_Statue%2C_with_inscription_in_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/The_Lincoln_Memorial_Statue%2C_with_inscription_in_background.jpg/330px-The_Lincoln_Memorial_Statue%2C_with_inscription_in_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/The_Lincoln_Memorial_Statue%2C_with_inscription_in_background.jpg/440px-The_Lincoln_Memorial_Statue%2C_with_inscription_in_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2252" data-file-height="3584" /></a><figcaption>The Lincoln Memorial Statue, with inscription in background</figcaption></figure>
<p>The 175-<a href="/wiki/Short_ton" title="Short ton">short-ton</a> (159 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">t</a>) statue, carved from Georgia white marble, was shipped in 28 pieces.<sup id="cite_ref-nrhp3_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrhp3-19">[17]</a></sup> Originally intended to be only 10 feet (3.0 m) tall, the sculpture was enlarged to 19 feet (5.8 m) from head to foot considering it would look small within the extensive interior space.<sup id="cite_ref-dupre_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dupre-27">[25]</a></sup> If Lincoln were depicted standing, he would be 28 feet (8.5 m) tall.
</p><p>The widest span of the statue corresponds to its height, and it rests upon an oblong pedestal of Tennessee marble 10 feet (3.0 m) high, 16 feet (4.9 m) wide, and 17 feet (5.2 m) deep. Directly beneath this lies a platform of Tennessee marble about 34.5 feet (10.5 m) long, 28 feet (8.5 m) wide, and 6.5 inches (0.17 m) high. Lincoln's arms rest on representations of Roman fasces, a subtle touch that associates the statue with the Augustan (and imperial) theme (obelisk and funerary monuments) of the Washington Mall.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a></sup> The statue is discretely bordered by two pilasters, one on each side. Between these pilasters, and above Lincoln's head, is engraved an epitaph of Lincoln<sup id="cite_ref-nrhp3_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrhp3-19">[17]</a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Royal_Cortissoz" title="Royal Cortissoz">Royal Cortissoz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sculptural_features">Sculptural features</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lincoln_Memorial&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sculptural features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abraham_Lincoln_Stands_Guard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Abraham_Lincoln_Stands_Guard.jpg/220px-Abraham_Lincoln_Stands_Guard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Abraham_Lincoln_Stands_Guard.jpg/330px-Abraham_Lincoln_Stands_Guard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Abraham_Lincoln_Stands_Guard.jpg/440px-Abraham_Lincoln_Stands_Guard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="1296" /></a><figcaption>The sculptor's possible use of sign language is speculated, as the statue's left hand forms an "A" while the right hand portrays an "L"</figcaption></figure>
<p>An <a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">urban legend</a> holds that the face of General <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a> is carved onto the back of Lincoln's head,<sup id="cite_ref-npsfaq_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npsfaq-30">[28]</a></sup> and looks back across the Potomac toward his former home, <a href="/wiki/Arlington_House,_The_Robert_E._Lee_Memorial" title="Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial">Arlington House</a> (now within the bounds of <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a>). Another popular legend is that Lincoln's hands are shown using <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign language</a> to represent his initials, his left hand signing an <i>A</i> and his right signing an <i>L</i>. The National Park Service denies both legends.<sup id="cite_ref-npsfaq_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-npsfaq-30">[28]</a></sup>
</p><p>However, historian Gerald Prokopowicz writes that, while it is not clear that sculptor Daniel Chester French intended Lincoln's hands to be formed into sign language versions of his initials, it is possible that French did intend it. French was familiar with <a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a>, and he would have had a reason to do so, to pay tribute to Lincoln for having signed the federal legislation giving <a href="/wiki/Gallaudet_University" title="Gallaudet University">Gallaudet University</a>, a university for the deaf, the authority to grant college degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a>'s publication "Pinpointing the Past in Washington, D.C." states that Daniel Chester French had a son who was deaf and that the sculptor was familiar with sign language.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a></sup> Historian James A. Percoco has observed that, although there are no extant documents showing that French had Lincoln's hands carved to represent the letters "A" and "L" in American Sign Language, "I think you can conclude that it's reasonable to have that kind of summation about the hands."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a></sup>
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Impact">Impact</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lincoln_Memorial&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Sacred_space">Sacred space</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lincoln_Memorial&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sacred space"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Crowd_at_1963_March_on_Washington.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/View_of_Crowd_at_1963_March_on_Washington.jpg/220px-View_of_Crowd_at_1963_March_on_Washington.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/View_of_Crowd_at_1963_March_on_Washington.jpg/330px-View_of_Crowd_at_1963_March_on_Washington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/View_of_Crowd_at_1963_March_on_Washington.jpg/440px-View_of_Crowd_at_1963_March_on_Washington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington</a> in 1963 brought 250,000 people to the <a href="/wiki/National_Mall" title="National Mall">National Mall</a> and is famous for <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">I Have a Dream</a>" speech.</figcaption></figure>
<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I-have-a-dream-site_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/I-have-a-dream-site_crop.jpg/220px-I-have-a-dream-site_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/I-have-a-dream-site_crop.jpg/330px-I-have-a-dream-site_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/I-have-a-dream-site_crop.jpg/440px-I-have-a-dream-site_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2760" data-file-height="1737" /></a><figcaption>The location on the steps where King delivered the speech is commemorated with this inscription.</figcaption></figure>
<p>The Memorial has become a symbolically sacred venue, especially for the Civil Rights Movement. In 1939, the <a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Daughters of the American Revolution">Daughters of the American Revolution</a> refused to allow the African-American <a href="/wiki/Alto_(voice)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alto (voice)">contralto</a> <a href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson" title="Marian Anderson">Marian Anderson</a> to perform before an integrated audience at the organization's <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution Hall">Constitution Hall</a>. At the suggestion of <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a>, the wife of President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_L._Ickes" title="Harold L. Ickes">Harold L. Ickes</a>, the Secretary of the Interior, arranged for a performance on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial on Easter Sunday of that year, to a live audience of 75,000 and a nationwide radio audience.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a></sup> On June 29, 1947, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Truman">Harry Truman</a> became the first president to address the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People</a> (NAACP). The speech took place at the Lincoln Memorial during the NAACP convention and was carried nationally on radio. In that speech, Truman laid out the need to end discrimination, which would be advanced by the first comprehensive, presidentially proposed civil rights legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a></sup>
</p><p>On August 28, 1963, the memorial grounds were the site of the <a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom</a>, which proved to be a high point of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="American Civil Rights Movement">American Civil Rights Movement</a>. It is estimated that approximately 250,000 people came to the event, where they heard <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>, deliver his historic "<a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">I Have a Dream</a>" speech before the memorial honoring the president who had issued the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a> 100 years earlier. King's speech, with its language of patriotism and its evocation of Lincoln's <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Address" title="Gettysburg Address">Gettysburg Address</a>, was meant to match the symbolism of the Lincoln Memorial as a monument to national unity.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a></sup> Labor leader <a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Walter Reuther</a>, an organizer of the march, persuaded the other organizers to move the march to the Lincoln Memorial from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">Capitol Building</a>. Reuther believed the location would be less threatening to Congress and that the occasion would be especially appropriate underneath the gaze of Abraham Lincoln's statue.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a></sup> The D.C. police also appreciated the location because it was surrounded on three sides by water, so that any incident could be easily contained.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a></sup>
</p><p>Twenty years later, on August 28, 1983, crowds gathered again to mark the 20th Anniversary Mobilization for Jobs, Peace and Freedom, to reflect on progress in gaining civil rights for African Americans and to commit to correcting continuing injustices. King's speech is such a part of the Lincoln Memorial story, that the spot on which King stood, on the landing eighteen steps below Lincoln's statue, was engraved in 2003 in recognition of the 40th anniversary of the event.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a></sup>
</p><p>At the memorial on May 9, 1970, President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> had a <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon%27s_visit_to_the_Lincoln_Memorial" title="Richard Nixon's visit to the Lincoln Memorial">middle-of-the-night impromptu, brief meeting with protesters</a> who, just days after the <a href="/wiki/Kent_State_shootings" title="Kent State shootings">Kent State shootings</a>, were preparing to <a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Vietnam_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to the Vietnam War">march against the Vietnam War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nix_Prez_Rev_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nix_Prez_Rev-41">[39]</a></sup>
</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lincoln_Memorial&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:591px;max-width:591px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_-_Lincoln_Memorial.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/USA_-_Lincoln_Memorial.JPG/142px-USA_-_Lincoln_Memorial.JPG" decoding="async" width="142" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/USA_-_Lincoln_Memorial.JPG/213px-USA_-_Lincoln_Memorial.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/USA_-_Lincoln_Memorial.JPG/284px-USA_-_Lincoln_Memorial.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5135" data-file-height="3420" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">With reflecting pool</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:128px;max-width:128px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_Memorial_at_Sunrise.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Lincoln_Memorial_at_Sunrise.jpg/126px-Lincoln_Memorial_at_Sunrise.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Lincoln_Memorial_at_Sunrise.jpg/189px-Lincoln_Memorial_at_Sunrise.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Lincoln_Memorial_at_Sunrise.jpg/252px-Lincoln_Memorial_at_Sunrise.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">At sunrise</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:167px;max-width:167px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_Memorial_(May_2014)_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Lincoln_Memorial_%28May_2014%29_crop.jpg/165px-Lincoln_Memorial_%28May_2014%29_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Lincoln_Memorial_%28May_2014%29_crop.jpg/248px-Lincoln_Memorial_%28May_2014%29_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Lincoln_Memorial_%28May_2014%29_crop.jpg/330px-Lincoln_Memorial_%28May_2014%29_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5476" data-file-height="3140" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Daytime</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_Memorial_(8).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lincoln_Memorial_%288%29.jpg/142px-Lincoln_Memorial_%288%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lincoln_Memorial_%288%29.jpg/213px-Lincoln_Memorial_%288%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Lincoln_Memorial_%288%29.jpg/284px-Lincoln_Memorial_%288%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3853" data-file-height="2570" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">At dusk</div></div></div></div></div>
<p>As one of the most prominent American monuments, the Lincoln Memorial is often featured in books, films, videogames, and television shows that take place in Washington; by 2003 it had appeared in over 60 films,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a></sup> and in 2009, Mark S. Reinhart compiled some short sketches of dozens of uses of the Memorial in film and television.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a></sup>
</p><p>Some examples of films include <a href="/wiki/Frank_Capra" title="Frank Capra">Frank Capra</a>'s 1939 film <i><a href="/wiki/Mr._Smith_Goes_to_Washington" title="Mr. Smith Goes to Washington">Mr. Smith Goes to Washington</a></i>, where in a key scene the statue and the Memorial's inscription provide inspiration to freshman Senator Jefferson Smith, played by <a href="/wiki/James_Stewart" title="James Stewart">James Stewart</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wp_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wp-44">[42]</a></sup> The Park Service did not want Capra to film at the Memorial, so he sent a large crew elsewhere as a distraction while a smaller crew filmed Stewart and <a href="/wiki/Jean_Arthur" title="Jean Arthur">Jean Arthur</a> inside the Memorial.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a></sup>
</p><p>Many of the appearances of the Lincoln Memorial are actually digital <a href="/wiki/Visual_effects" title="Visual effects">visual effects</a>, due to restrictive filming rules.<sup id="cite_ref-Sacher2014_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sacher2014-46">[44]</a></sup> As of 2017, according to the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>, "Filming/photography is prohibited above the white marble steps and the interior chamber of the Lincoln Memorial."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a></sup>
</p><p>Mitchell Newton-Matza said in 2016 that "Reflecting its cherished place in the hearts of Americans, the Lincoln Memorial has often been featured prominently in popular culture, especially motion pictures."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a></sup> According to Tracey Gold Bennett, "The majesty of the Lincoln Memorial is a big draw for film location scouts, producers, and directors because this landmark has appeared in a considerable number of films."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a></sup>
</p><p>Jay Sacher writes:
</p>
<blockquote><p>From high to low, the memorial is cultural shorthand for both American ideals and 1960s radicalism. From <a href="/wiki/Forrest_Gump" title="Forrest Gump">Forrest Gump</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Zelig" title="Zelig">Zelig</a>-like insertion into anti-war rallies on the steps of the memorial, to the villainous <a href="/wiki/Decepticon" title="Decepticon">Decepticon</a> robots discarding the Lincoln statue and claiming it as a throne. ... The memorial's place in the culture is assured even as it is parodied.<sup id="cite_ref-Sacher2014_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sacher2014-46">[44]</a></sup></p></blockquote>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Depictions_on_U.S._currency">Depictions on U.S. currency</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lincoln_Memorial&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Depictions on U.S. currency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096954695/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:335px;max-width:335px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:230px;max-width:230px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_$5_series_2003_reverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/US_%245_series_2003_reverse.jpg/228px-US_%245_series_2003_reverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="228" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/US_%245_series_2003_reverse.jpg/342px-US_%245_series_2003_reverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/US_%245_series_2003_reverse.jpg/456px-US_%245_series_2003_reverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7502" data-file-height="3224" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:101px;max-width:101px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2005_Penny_Rev_Unc_D.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/2005_Penny_Rev_Unc_D.png/99px-2005_Penny_Rev_Unc_D.png" decoding="async" width="99" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/2005_Penny_Rev_Unc_D.png/149px-2005_Penny_Rev_Unc_D.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/2005_Penny_Rev_Unc_D.png/198px-2005_Penny_Rev_Unc_D.png 2x" data-file-width="746" data-file-height="742" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center">Reverse of a 2003 <a href="/wiki/United_States_five-dollar_bill" title="United States five-dollar bill">United States five-dollar bill</a> and 2006 <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_cent" title="Lincoln cent">Lincoln cent</a></div></div></div></div>
<p>From 1959 (the 150th anniversary of Lincoln's birth) to 2008, the memorial, with statue visible through the columns, was depicted on the reverse of the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_cent" title="Lincoln cent">United States one-cent</a> coin, which since 1909 has depicted a bust of Lincoln on its front.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a></sup>
</p><p>The memorial has appeared on the back of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_five-dollar_bill" title="United States five-dollar bill">U.S. five-dollar bill</a> since 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a></sup> The front of the bill bears Lincoln's portrait.
</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lincoln_Memorial&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Cultural depictions of Abraham Lincoln">Cultural depictions of Abraham Lincoln</a></li>
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<li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_memorials_in_the_United_States" title="Presidential memorials in the United States">Presidential memorials in the United States</a></li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lincoln_Memorial&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<p><b>Informational notes</b>
</p>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217336898">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The date for Ohio was incorrectly entered as 1802, as opposed to the correct year, 1803.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the line from the second inaugural, "With high hope for the future," the <i>F</i> in <i>FUTURE</i> was carved as an <i>E</i>. To obscure this error the spurious bottom line of the E is not painted in with black paint.</span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<p><b>Citations</b>
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1217336898"><div class="reflist">
<div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-nris-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nris_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nris_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1215172403">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#2C882D;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{color:#f8a397}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911F}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP">"National Register Information System"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places" title="National Register of Historic Places">National Register of Historic Places</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. January 23, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places&rft.atitle=National+Register+Information+System&rft.date=2007-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FNRHP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALincoln+Memorial" class="Z3988"></span> </span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://irma.nps.gov/Stats/SSRSReports/National%20Reports/Annual%20Park%20Ranking%20Report%20(1979%20-%20Last%20Calendar%20Year)">"Annual Park Ranking Report for Recreation Visits in: 2023"</a>. <i>nps.gov</i>. National Park Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 23,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nps.gov&rft.atitle=Annual+Park+Ranking+Report+for+Recreation+Visits+in%3A+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firma.nps.gov%2FStats%2FSSRSReports%2FNational%2520Reports%2FAnnual%2520Park%2520Ranking%2520Report%2520%281979%2520-%2520Last%2520Calendar%2520Year%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALincoln+Memorial" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/cultural_diversity/Lincoln_Memorial_National_Memorial.html">"Lincoln Memorial National Memorial; Washington, DC</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://irma.nps.gov/Stats/SSRSReports/Park%20Specific%20Reports/Annual%20Park%20Recreation%20Visitation%20%281904%20-%20Last%20Calendar%20Year%29?Park=LINC">"Annual Park Recreation Visitation (1904 – Last Calendar Year)"</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111105052517/http://www.dcappeals.gov/dccourts/appeals/pdf/appeals_renovation_expansion.pdf">"Renovation and Expansion of the Historic DC Courthouse"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. DC Court of Appeals. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dcappeals.gov/dccourts/appeals/pdf/appeals_renovation_expansion.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 November 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Renovation+and+Expansion+of+the+Historic+DC+Courthouse&rft.pub=DC+Court+of+Appeals&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dcappeals.gov%2Fdccourts%2Fappeals%2Fpdf%2Fappeals_renovation_expansion.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALincoln+Memorial" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170114225609/http://intowner.com/2016/01/11/washingtons-lincoln-the-first-monument-to-the-martyred-president/">"Washington's Lincoln: The First Monument to the Martyred President"</a>. The Intowner. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://intowner.com/2016/01/11/washingtons-lincoln-the-first-monument-to-the-martyred-president/">the original</a> on 14 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Washington%27s+Lincoln%3A+The+First+Monument+to+the+Martyred+President&rft.pub=The+Intowner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fintowner.com%2F2016%2F01%2F11%2Fwashingtons-lincoln-the-first-monument-to-the-martyred-president%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALincoln+Memorial" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-nrhp4-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nrhp4_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nrhp4_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nrhp4_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">NRHP Nomination, p. 4</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas, Christopher A. (2002) <i>The Lincoln Memorial and American Life</i> Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/069101194X" title="Special:BookSources/069101194X">069101194X</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/resource/sn83045462/1914-02-12/ed-1/?st=text&r=0.841,0.403,0.173,0.167,0">"Image 1 of Evening star (Washington, D.C.), February 12, 1914"</a>. <i>Library of Congress</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Image+1+of+Evening+star+%28Washington%2C+D.C.%29%2C+February+12%2C+1914&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fresource%2Fsn83045462%2F1914-02-12%2Fed-1%2F%3Fst%3Dtext%26r%3D0.841%2C0.403%2C0.173%2C0.167%2C0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALincoln+Memorial" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-nrhp5-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nrhp5_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NRHP Nomination, p. 5</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFYellin2013" class="citation book cs1">Yellin, Eric S. (2013-04-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fixBOW3902UC&q=Whitefield+J.+McKinlay&pg=PA176"><i>Racism in the Nation's Service: Government Workers and the Color Line in Woodrow Wilson's America</i></a>. UNC Press Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-0721-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4696-0721-4"><bdi>978-1-4696-0721-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racism+in+the+Nation%27s+Service%3A+Government+Workers+and+the+Color+Line+in+Woodrow+Wilson%27s+America&rft.pub=UNC+Press+Books&rft.date=2013-04-22&rft.isbn=978-1-4696-0721-4&rft.aulast=Yellin&rft.aufirst=Eric+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfixBOW3902UC%26q%3DWhitefield%2BJ.%2BMcKinlay%26pg%3DPA176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALincoln+Memorial" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-nrhp6-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nrhp6_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NRHP Nomination, p. 6</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-nrhp2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nrhp2_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nrhp2_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nrhp2_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nrhp2_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nrhp2_13-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">NRHP Nomination, p. 2</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Concklin, Edward F. (1927) <i>The Lincoln Memorial, Washington</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government Printing Office">United States Government Printing Office</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/linc/faqs.htm#:~:text=How%20many%20steps%20are%20there,chamber%20to%20the%20reflecting%20pool.">"Lincoln Memorial - Frequently Asked Questions"</a>. National Park Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lincoln+Memorial+-+Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Flinc%2Ffaqs.htm%23%3A~%3Atext%3DHow%2520many%2520steps%2520are%2520there%2Cchamber%2520to%2520the%2520reflecting%2520pool.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALincoln+Memorial" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U. S. Office of Public Buildings and Public Parks. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/linc/learn/historyculture/lincoln-memorial-building-statistics.htm"><i>Lincoln Memorial Building Statistics</i></a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-nrhp3-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nrhp3_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nrhp3_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nrhp3_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nrhp3_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">NRHP Nomination, p. 3</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/United_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="United Press">United Press</a> (August 28, 1957) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2245&dat=19570828&id=znIzAAAAIBAJ&sjid=zu4HAAAAIBAJ&pg=4867,7051275">"Lincoln Memorial has some stalactites"</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Lodi_News-Sentinel" title="Lodi News-Sentinel">Lodi News-Sentinel</a></i></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-:0-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFAvery2017" class="citation web cs1">Avery, Jim (July 19, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cracked.com/article_24904_5-famous-buildings-with-bizarre-hidden-easter-eggs.html">"5 World-Famous Landmarks That Have Totally Weirdo Secrets"</a>. <i>Cracked</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 30,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cracked&rft.atitle=5+World-Famous+Landmarks+That+Have+Totally+Weirdo+Secrets&rft.date=2017-07-19&rft.aulast=Avery&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cracked.com%2Farticle_24904_5-famous-buildings-with-bizarre-hidden-easter-eggs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALincoln+Memorial" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFRivera_and_Weinstein2016" class="citation news cs1">Rivera and Weinstein, Gloria and Janet (September 2, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/US/historic-graffiti-tour-lincoln-memorial/story?id=41805221">"Take a 'Historic Graffiti' Tour Under the Lincoln Memorial"</a>. <i>ABC News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 30,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Take+a+%27Historic+Graffiti%27+Tour+Under+the+Lincoln+Memorial&rft.date=2016-09-02&rft.aulast=Rivera+and+Weinstein&rft.aufirst=Gloria+and+Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FUS%2Fhistoric-graffiti-tour-lincoln-memorial%2Fstory%3Fid%3D41805221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALincoln+Memorial" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hodge, Paul (October 27, 1977) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1977/10/27/whats-afoot-under-abe-lincolns-feet/f48997a6-1f6a-466d-b3fe-2b9ad2db4532/">"What's Afoot Under Abe Lincoln's Feet?"</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Twoomey, Steve (April 9, 1990) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1990/04/09/monuments-losing-battle-with-erosion/1c59551e-bdc4-4c0c-9cf7-47e51c74da7c/">"Monuments Losing Battle with Erosion"</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Staff (ndg) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://parkplanning.nps.gov/projectHome.cfm?projectId=66405">"Lincoln Center Rehabilitation"</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> website</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reid, Chip (November 23, 2016) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/lincoln-memorial-prepares-for-long-awaited-makeover-david-rubenstein/">"Lincoln Memorial to get long-awaited makeover, underground visitor's center"</a> <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-dupre-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dupre_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFDupré,_Judith2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Judith_Dupr%C3%A9" title="Judith Dupré">Dupré, Judith</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6kUaAQAAIAAJ"><i>Monuments: America's History in Art and Memory</i></a>. New York: Random House. pp. 86–95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6582-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6582-0"><bdi>978-1-4000-6582-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monuments%3A+America%27s+History+in+Art+and+Memory&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=86-95&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-6582-0&rft.au=Dupr%C3%A9%2C+Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6kUaAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALincoln+Memorial" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Buchner" title="Edmund Buchner">Buchner, Edmund</a> (1976). "<i>Solarium Augusti</i> und Ara Pacis", Römische Mitteilungen 83: 319–375; (1988). <i>Die Sonnenuhr des Augustus: Kaiser Augustus und die verlorene Republik</i> (Berlin); P. Zanker <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uark.edu/ua/metis2/zanker/zanker_txt2.html">The Augustan Program of Cultural Renewal</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120530141305/http://www.uark.edu/ua/metis2/zanker/zanker_txt2.html">Archived</a> 2012-05-30 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> for a full discussion of the <a href="/wiki/Solarium_Augusti" title="Solarium Augusti">Augustan solarium</a> and its architectural features.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/linc/historyculture/lincoln-memorial-design-individuals.htm">"Lincoln Memorial Design Individuals"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lincoln+Memorial+Design+Individuals&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Flinc%2Fhistoryculture%2Flincoln-memorial-design-individuals.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALincoln+Memorial" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-npsfaq-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-npsfaq_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-npsfaq_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/linc/faqs.htm">"Lincoln Memorial: Frequently Asked Questions"</a> on the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> website</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prokopowicz, Gerald J. (2008) <i>Did Lincoln Own Slaves? And Other Frequently Asked Questions About Abraham Lincoln</i>. Pantheon. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-42541-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-42541-7">978-0-375-42541-7</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evelyn, Douglas E. and Dickson, Paul A. (1999) <i>On this Spot: Pinpointing the Past in Washington, D.C.</i> <a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7922-7499-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7922-7499-7">0-7922-7499-7</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.gallaudet.edu/Library/Deaf_Research_Help/Frequently_Asked_Questions_(FAQs)/OtherMiscellaneous/Lincoln_Memorial_Statue.html">Library.gallaudet.edu</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090104223348/http://library.gallaudet.edu/Library/Deaf_Research_Help/Frequently_Asked_Questions_%28FAQs%29/OtherMiscellaneous/Lincoln_Memorial_Statue.html">Archived</a> 2009-01-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Percoco, James A., speech given on April 17, 2008, in the Jefferson Room of the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives and Records Administration</a> as part of the National Archive's "Noontime Programs" lecture series. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/press/press-releases/2008/nr08-66.html">Broadcast on the C-Span cable television network on April 4 and April 5, 2009.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126032009/https://www.archives.gov/press/press-releases/2008/nr08-66.html">Archived</a> January 26, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/204737-1">c-spanvideo.org</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fdrlibrary.org/anderson">"Eleanor Roosevelt and Marian Anderson"</a>. FDR Presidential Library & Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eleanor+Roosevelt+and+Marian+Anderson&rft.pub=FDR+Presidential+Library+%26+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffdrlibrary.org%2Fanderson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALincoln+Memorial" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFGlass2018" class="citation news cs1">Glass, Andrew (2018-06-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://politi.co/2Mz2C4K">"Truman addresses NAACP, June 29, 1947"</a>. <i>Politico</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politico&rft.atitle=Truman+addresses+NAACP%2C+June+29%2C+1947&rft.date=2018-06-29&rft.aulast=Glass&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpoliti.co%2F2Mz2C4K&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALincoln+Memorial" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fairclough, Adam (1997) "Civil Rights and the Lincoln Memorial: The Censored Speeches of Robert R. Moton (1922) and John Lewis (1963)" <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Negro_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Negro History">Journal of Negro History</a></i> v.82 pp.408–416.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMaraniss2015" class="citation book cs1">Maraniss, David (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/894936463"><i>Once in a Great City: A Detroit Story</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-4838-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4767-4838-2"><bdi>978-1-4767-4838-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/894936463">894936463</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Once+in+a+Great+City%3A+A+Detroit+Story&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=236&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F894936463&rft.isbn=978-1-4767-4838-2&rft.aulast=Maraniss&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F894936463&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALincoln+Memorial" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jennings, Peter and Brewster, Todd (1998) <i>The Century: A Chronicle of the 20th Century</i>. New York: Doubleday. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385483278" title="Special:BookSources/9780385483278">9780385483278</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/thingstodo/stand-where-martin-luther-king-jr-gave-the-i-have-a-dream-speech.htm">"Stand Where Martin Luther King, Jr. Gave the "I Have a Dream" Speech"</a>. National Park Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stand+Where+Martin+Luther+King%2C+Jr.+Gave+the+%22I+Have+a+Dream%22+Speech&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fthingstodo%2Fstand-where-martin-luther-king-jr-gave-the-i-have-a-dream-speech.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALincoln+Memorial" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Nix_Prez_Rev-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nix_Prez_Rev_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Director: Joe Angio (2007-02-15). <i>Nixon a Presidency Revealed</i> (television). History Channel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nixon+a+Presidency+Revealed&rft.pub=History+Channel&rft.date=2007-02-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALincoln+Memorial" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosales, Jean K. and Jose, Michael R. (2003) <i>DC Goes to the Movies: A Unique Guide to Reel Washington</i> iUniverse. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IcW-V4XrPakC&q=Lincoln+Memorial&pg=PA149">p.149</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780595267972" title="Special:BookSources/9780595267972">9780595267972</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFReinhart,_Mark_S.2009" class="citation book cs1">Reinhart, Mark S. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zio49y0tiE0C&pg=PR7"><i>Abraham Lincoln on Screen: Fictional and Documentary Portrayals on Film and Television</i></a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5261-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-5261-3"><bdi>978-0-7864-5261-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Abraham+Lincoln+on+Screen%3A+Fictional+and+Documentary+Portrayals+on+Film+and+Television&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-5261-3&rft.au=Reinhart%2C+Mark+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZio49y0tiE0C%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALincoln+Memorial" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-wp-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wp_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFToney2015" class="citation news cs1">Toney, Veronica (September 17, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/magazine/its-not-just-forrest-gump-the-national-mall-has-had-a-iconic-role-in-many-movies/2015/09/16/90bf78d8-4b7c-11e5-bfb9-9736d04fc8e4_story.html">"It's not just 'Forrest Gump.' The National Mall has had an iconic role in many movies"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=It%27s+not+just+%27Forrest+Gump.%27+The+National+Mall+has+had+an+iconic+role+in+many+movies.&rft.date=2015-09-17&rft.aulast=Toney&rft.aufirst=Veronica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flifestyle%2Fmagazine%2Fits-not-just-forrest-gump-the-national-mall-has-had-a-iconic-role-in-many-movies%2F2015%2F09%2F16%2F90bf78d8-4b7c-11e5-bfb9-9736d04fc8e4_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALincoln+Memorial" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosales, Jean K. and Jose, Michael R. (2003) <i>DC Goes to the Movies: A Unique Guide to Reel Washington</i> iUniverse. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IcW-V4XrPakC&dq=%22National+Park+Service%22+filming+%22Lincoln+Memorial%22+inside&pg=PA245">p.245</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780595267972" title="Special:BookSources/9780595267972">9780595267972</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Sacher2014-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sacher2014_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sacher2014_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFSacher2014" class="citation book cs1">Sacher, Jay (May 6, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9JXiAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA84"><i>Lincoln Memorial: The Story and Design of an American Monument</i></a>. Chronicle Books. pp. 83–85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781452131986" title="Special:BookSources/9781452131986"><bdi>9781452131986</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 12,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lincoln+Memorial%3A+The+Story+and+Design+of+an+American+Monument&rft.pages=83-85&rft.pub=Chronicle+Books&rft.date=2014-05-06&rft.isbn=9781452131986&rft.aulast=Sacher&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9JXiAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALincoln+Memorial" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/nama/planyourvisit/permits-faqs.htm">"Permit FAQS"</a> National Park Service</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell_Newton-Matza2016" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell Newton-Matza (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nW_YDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA324"><i>Historic Sites and Landmarks that Shaped America</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 324. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610697507" title="Special:BookSources/9781610697507"><bdi>9781610697507</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historic+Sites+and+Landmarks+that+Shaped+America&rft.pages=324&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781610697507&rft.au=Mitchell+Newton-Matza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnW_YDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALincoln+Memorial" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFTracey_Gold_Bennett2014" class="citation book cs1">Tracey Gold Bennett (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p76EAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA27"><i>Washington, D.C., Film and Television</i></a>. Arcadia. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781439642764" title="Special:BookSources/9781439642764"><bdi>9781439642764</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Washington%2C+D.C.%2C+Film+and+Television&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Arcadia&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781439642764&rft.au=Tracey+Gold+Bennett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp76EAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALincoln+Memorial" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFBowers2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Q._David_Bowers" title="Q. David Bowers">Bowers, Q. David</a> (2008). <i>A Guide Book of Lincoln Cents</i>. Atlanta, Georgia: Whitman Publishing. pp. 45, 49–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7948-2264-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7948-2264-4"><bdi>978-0-7948-2264-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+Book+of+Lincoln+Cents&rft.place=Atlanta%2C+Georgia&rft.pages=45%2C+49-51&rft.pub=Whitman+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7948-2264-4&rft.aulast=Bowers&rft.aufirst=Q.+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALincoln+Memorial" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180528134432/https://d39pc38av48c2g.cloudfront.net/sites/default/files/download-materials/en/5_1914-1993_features.pdf">"$5"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>U.S. Currency Education Program</i>. United States Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d39pc38av48c2g.cloudfront.net/sites/default/files/download-materials/en/5_1914-1993_features.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 28, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Currency+Education+Program&rft.atitle=%245&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fd39pc38av48c2g.cloudfront.net%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdownload-materials%2Fen%2F5_1914-1993_features.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALincoln+Memorial" class="Z3988"></span></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<p><b>Further reading</b>
</p>
<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1033289096"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Abraham_Lincoln#Further_reading" title="Cultural depictions of Abraham Lincoln">Cultural depictions of Abraham Lincoln § Further reading</a></div>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Dupr%C3%A9" title="Judith Dupré">Dupré, Judith</a> (2007). <i>Monuments: America's History in Art and Memory.</i> Random House. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6582-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6582-0">978-1-4000-6582-0</a></li>
<li>Hufbauer, Benjamin (2006) <i>Presidential Temples: How Memorials and Libraries Shape Public Memory.</i> University Press of Kansas. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0700614222" title="Special:BookSources/0700614222">0700614222</a>.</li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite id="CITEREFPfanz1981" class="citation web cs1">Pfanz, Donald C. (March 4, 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120224002508/http://image1.nps.gov:9001/StyleServer/calcrgn?cat=NRHP&item=%2FText%2FNRHP-6340b4580b4649f499fbab210684e03f.djvu&style=nps%2FFOCUS-DJview.xsl&wid=640&hei=480&oif=jpeg&props=item%28SUMMARY%2CCOPYRIGHT%29">"National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination Form: Lincoln Memorial"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://image1.nps.gov:9001/StyleServer/calcrgn?cat=NRHP&item=/Text/NRHP-6340b4580b4649f499fbab210684e03f.djvu&style=nps/FOCUS-DJview.xsl&wid=640&hei=480&oif=jpeg&props=item(SUMMARY,COPYRIGHT)">the original</a> on February 24, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places+Inventory-Nomination+Form%3A+Lincoln+Memorial&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft.date=1981-03-04&rft.aulast=Pfanz&rft.aufirst=Donald+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimage1.nps.gov%3A9001%2FStyleServer%2Fcalcrgn%3Fcat%3DNRHP%26item%3D%2FText%2FNRHP-6340b4580b4649f499fbab210684e03f.djvu%26style%3Dnps%2FFOCUS-DJview.xsl%26wid%3D640%26hei%3D480%26oif%3Djpeg%26props%3Ditem%28SUMMARY%2CCOPYRIGHT%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALincoln+Memorial" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Sandage" title="Scott Sandage">Sandage, Scott A</a>. (June 1993) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2079700">"A Marble House Divided: The Lincoln Memorial, the Civil Rights Movement, and the Politics of Memory, 1939–1963"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_American_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of American History">Journal of American History</a></i> Vol. 80, No. 1, pp. 135–167</li></ul>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lincoln_Memorial&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2>
<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1217611005">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Lincoln_Memorial" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Lincoln Memorial">Lincoln Memorial</a></span>.</div></div>
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<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1218072481"><table class="infobox" style="width: 237px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lincoln_Memorial_in_June_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Lincoln_Memorial_in_June_2012.jpg/210px-Lincoln_Memorial_in_June_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Lincoln_Memorial_in_June_2012.jpg/315px-Lincoln_Memorial_in_June_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Lincoln_Memorial_in_June_2012.jpg/420px-Lincoln_Memorial_in_June_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2342" data-file-height="1561" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M9tCeDWmgpo3D">Laser Scan: Lincoln Memorial</a> (0:33), DJS Associates from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.djsscans.com/blog/lincoln-memorial-project">Lincoln Memorial Project</a></td></tr></tbody></table>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/linc/index.htm">Lincoln Memorial homepage (NPS)</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.terrain360.com/trails/lincoln-memoral">Lincoln Memorial Panoramic Tour</a></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110612034249/http://www.nationalmall.org/sites-subpage-lincoln.php">"Trust for the National Mall: Lincoln Memorial"</a>. Trust for the National Mall. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalmall.org/sites-subpage-lincoln.php">the original</a> on 2011-06-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trust+for+the+National+Mall%3A+Lincoln+Memorial&rft.pub=Trust+for+the+National+Mall&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalmall.org%2Fsites-subpage-lincoln.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALincoln+Memorial" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/pdf/bulletin/b2162/b2162.pdf">"Colorado Yule Marble – Building Stone of the Lincoln Memorial;"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. US Geological Survey – Bulletin 2162; 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colorado+Yule+Marble+%E2%80%93+Building+Stone+of+the+Lincoln+Memorial%3B&rft.pub=US+Geological+Survey+%E2%80%93+Bulletin+2162%3B+1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fpdf%2Fbulletin%2Fb2162%2Fb2162.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALincoln+Memorial" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081016215609/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=hhsheet&fileName=dc%2Fdc0400%2Fdc0472%2Fsheet%2Fbrowse.db&action=browse&recNum=0&title2=Lincoln%20Memorial%2C%20West%20Potomac%20Park%2C%20Washington%2C%20District%20of%20Columbia%2C%20DC&displayType=1&maxCols=2&itemLink=r%3Fammem%2Fhh%3A%40field%28DOCID+%40lit%28DC0472%29%29">"Lincoln Memorial Drawings"</a>. National Park Service. 1993. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=hhsheet&fileName=dc/dc0400/dc0472/sheet/browse.db&action=browse&recNum=0&title2=Lincoln%20Memorial,%20West%20Potomac%20Park,%20Washington,%20District%20of%20Columbia,%20DC&displayType=1&maxCols=2&itemLink=r?ammem/hh:@field(DOCID+@lit(DC0472))">the original</a> on 2008-10-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lincoln+Memorial+Drawings&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft.date=1993&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmemory.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fampage%3FcollId%3Dhhsheet%26fileName%3Ddc%2Fdc0400%2Fdc0472%2Fsheet%2Fbrowse.db%26action%3Dbrowse%26recNum%3D0%26title2%3DLincoln%2520Memorial%2C%2520West%2520Potomac%2520Park%2C%2520Washington%2C%2520District%2520of%2520Columbia%2C%2520DC%26displayType%3D1%26maxCols%3D2%26itemLink%3Dr%3Fammem%2Fhh%3A%40field%28DOCID%2B%40lit%28DC0472%29%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALincoln+Memorial" class="Z3988"></span></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ghostsofdc.org/2013/06/17/alternate-proposed-designs-for-the-lincoln-memorial/">Other Proposed Designs for the Lincoln Memorial</a></li>
<li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1215172403"><cite class="citation episode cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150912195257/http://www.studio360.org/story/american-icons-the-lincoln-memorial/">"American Icons: The Lincoln Memorial"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Studio_360" title="Studio 360"><i>Studio 360</i></a>. Episode 1637. New York. September 10, 2015 [February 19, 2010]. <a href="/wiki/Public_Radio_International" title="Public Radio International">Public Radio International</a>. <a href="/wiki/WNYC" title="WNYC">WNYC</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studio360.org/story/american-icons-the-lincoln-memorial/">the original</a> on September 12, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Studio+360&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Episode+1637&rft.date=2015-09-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.studio360.org%2Fstory%2Famerican-icons-the-lincoln-memorial%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALincoln+Memorial" class="Z3988"></span> How the Lincoln Memorial became an American icon.</li></ul>
<div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Abraham_Lincoln" title="Template talk:Abraham Lincoln"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Abraham_Lincoln" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Abraham Lincoln"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Abraham_Lincoln" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">16th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1861–1865)</span></li>
<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Illinois" title="List of United States representatives from Illinois">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Illinois%27s_7th_congressional_district" title="Illinois's 7th congressional district">IL–7</a> (1847–1849)</span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidential transition of Abraham Lincoln">Transition</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="First inauguration of Abraham Lincoln">First inauguration</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Bible" title="Lincoln Bible">Lincoln Bible</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Second inauguration of Abraham Lincoln">Second inauguration</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confiscation_Acts" title="Confiscation Acts">Confiscation Acts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/President_Lincoln%27s_75,000_volunteers" title="President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers">President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1861" title="Revenue Act of 1861">War based income tax</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Anaconda_Plan#Origin_of_the_plan" title="Anaconda Plan">Seaports blockade</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Trent_Affair" title="Trent Affair">RMS <i>Trent</i> Affair</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Habeas_Corpus_Suspension_Act_1863" class="mw-redirect" title="Habeas Corpus Suspension Act 1863">Habeas Corpus suspended</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia#Separation_from_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia statehood</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Overland_Campaign#Background_and_opposing_forces" title="Overland Campaign">Overland Campaign strategy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hampton_Roads_Conference" title="Hampton Roads Conference">Hampton Roads Conference</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Richmond_in_the_American_Civil_War#Evacuation_and_Capture_of_Richmond" title="Richmond in the American Civil War">Tour of Richmond</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ten_percent_plan" title="Ten percent plan">Ten percent plan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era#Lincoln's_presidential_Reconstruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era">Reconstruction</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/History_of_U.S._foreign_policy,_1861%E2%80%931897" title="History of U.S. foreign policy, 1861–1897">Foreign policy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment abolishing slavery</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dakota_War_of_1862" title="Dakota War of 1862">Dakota War of 1862</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_the_Northwest" title="Department of the Northwest">Department of the Northwest</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Homestead_Acts" title="Homestead Acts">Homestead Act of 1862</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_Act" title="National Bank Act">National Banking Acts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_(United_States)#Lincoln_and_the_Civil_War" title="Thanksgiving (United States)">Thanksgiving Day</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Letter_to_Fanny_McCullough" title="Letter to Fanny McCullough">Fanny McCullough letter</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Birchard_Letter" title="Birchard Letter">Birchard Letter</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bixby_letter" title="Bixby letter">Bixby letter</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences#Origins" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture#Formation_and_subsequent_history" title="United States Department of Agriculture">Department of Agriculture</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_or_granted_clemency_by_the_President_of_the_United_States#Abraham_Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the President of the United States">Pardons</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1863_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1863 State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address, 1863</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1864_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1864 State of the Union Address">1864</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln#Other_enactments" title="Abraham Lincoln">Cabinet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Abraham_Lincoln" title="List of federal judges appointed by Abraham Lincoln">Judicial appointments</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_Lyceum_address" title="Abraham Lincoln's Lyceum address">Lyceum address (1838)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_Peoria_speech" title="Abraham Lincoln's Peoria speech">Peoria speech (1854)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Lost_Speech" title="Lincoln's Lost Speech">"Lost Speech" (1856)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_House_Divided_Speech" title="Lincoln's House Divided Speech">House Divided speech (1858)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_debates" title="Lincoln–Douglas debates">Lincoln–Douglas debates (1858)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cooper_Union_speech" title="Cooper Union speech">Cooper Union Address (1860)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_Farewell_Address" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Lincoln's Farewell Address">Farewell Address (1861)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_first_inaugural_address" title="Abraham Lincoln's first inaugural address">First inaugural address (1861)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Address" title="Gettysburg Address">Gettysburg Address (1863,</a> <a href="/wiki/Consecration_of_the_National_Cemetery_at_Gettysburg" title="Consecration of the National Cemetery at Gettysburg">event)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_second_inaugural_address" title="Abraham Lincoln's second inaugural address">Second inaugural address (1865)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life<br />and views</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Early life and career of Abraham Lincoln">Early life and career</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_in_the_Black_Hawk_War" title="Abraham Lincoln in the Black Hawk War">Black Hawk War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Matson_Trial" title="Matson Trial">Matson Trial</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Spot_Resolutions" title="Spot Resolutions">Spot Resolutions</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln%27s_patent" title="Abraham Lincoln's patent">Boat lifting patent</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Hurd_v._Rock_Island_Bridge_Co." title="Hurd v. Rock Island Bridge Co.">Hurd v. Rock Island Bridge Co.</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Plot" title="Baltimore Plot">Baltimore Plot</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Bedell" title="Grace Bedell">Lincoln's beard</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Health_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Health of Abraham Lincoln">Medical and mental health</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Poetry_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Poetry of Abraham Lincoln">Poetry</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Political_career_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(1849%E2%80%931861)" title="Political career of Abraham Lincoln (1849–1861)">Political career, 1849–1861</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Religious views of Abraham Lincoln">Religious views</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Sexuality of Abraham Lincoln">Sexuality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_and_slavery" title="Abraham Lincoln and slavery">Slavery</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Homes<br />and places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Birthplace_National_Historical_Park" title="Abraham Lincoln Birthplace National Historical Park">Lincoln Birthplace</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Knob_Creek_Farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Knob Creek Farm">Knob Creek Farm</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Boyhood_National_Memorial" title="Lincoln Boyhood National Memorial">Lincoln Boyhood Memorial</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_State_Park" title="Lincoln State Park">Lincoln State Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Little_Pigeon_Creek_Community" title="Little Pigeon Creek Community">Little Pigeon Creek Community</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Trail_Homestead_State_Memorial" title="Lincoln Trail Homestead State Memorial">Lincoln Trail Homestead State Memorial</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_New_Salem" title="Lincoln's New Salem">Lincoln's New Salem</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln-Berry_General_Store" title="Lincoln-Berry General Store">Lincoln-Berry General Store</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Home_National_Historic_Site" title="Lincoln Home National Historic Site">Lincoln Home</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/President_Lincoln%27s_Cottage_at_the_Soldiers%27_Home" title="President Lincoln's Cottage at the Soldiers' Home">Cottage at the Soldier's Home</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Bedroom" title="Lincoln Bedroom">Lincoln Bedroom</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Sitting_Room" title="Lincoln Sitting Room">Lincoln Sitting Room</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Pioneer_Village" title="Lincoln Pioneer Village">Lincoln Pioneer Village</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Log_Cabin_State_Historic_Site" title="Lincoln Log Cabin State Historic Site">Lincoln Log Cabin State Historic Site</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Electoral history of Abraham Lincoln">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">Republican National Convention, 1856</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">1860</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention" title="1864 National Union National Convention">1864</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860 United States presidential election</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election" title="1864 United States presidential election">1864</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_and_Liberty" title="Lincoln and Liberty">1860 campaign song</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">Assassination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ford%27s_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford's Theater">Ford's Theater</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_American_Cousin" title="Our American Cousin">Our American Cousin</a></i>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Our_American_Cousin_(opera)" title="Our American Cousin (opera)">opera</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth" title="John Wilkes Booth">John Wilkes Booth</a>
<ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Sic_semper_tyrannis" title="Sic semper tyrannis">Sic semper tyrannis</a>"</li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Petersen_House" title="Petersen House">Petersen House</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_and_burial_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Funeral and burial of Abraham Lincoln">Funeral and burial</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_catafalque" title="Lincoln catafalque">Lincoln catafalque</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Tomb" title="Lincoln Tomb">Lincoln Tomb</a></li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/O_Captain!_My_Captain!" title="O Captain! My Captain!">O Captain! My Captain!</a>"</li>
<li>"<a href="/wiki/When_Lilacs_Last_in_the_Dooryard_Bloom%27d" title="When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd">When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom'd</a>"</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy and<br /><a href="/wiki/Memorials_to_Abraham_Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="Memorials to Abraham Lincoln">memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum">Presidential Library and Museum</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Papers_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="The Papers of Abraham Lincoln">Papers</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln/Net" title="Lincoln/Net">Lincoln/Net</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Abraham_Lincoln_artifacts_and_relics" title="List of Abraham Lincoln artifacts and relics">Artifacts and relics</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Bibliography of Abraham Lincoln">Bibliography</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Birthday" title="Lincoln's Birthday">Birthday</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographs_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="List of photographs of Abraham Lincoln">Photographs of Lincoln</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Cultural depictions of Abraham Lincoln">Cultural depictions</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Depictions_of_Abraham_Lincoln_on_film" title="Category:Depictions of Abraham Lincoln on film">films</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Category:Abraham_Lincoln_in_art" title="Category:Abraham Lincoln in art">Art</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_on_currency#Abraham_Lincoln" title="List of presidents of the United States on currency">Currency</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Centennial_half_dollar" title="Illinois Centennial half dollar">Illinois Centennial half dollar</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_cent" title="Lincoln cent">Lincoln penny</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_five-dollar_bill" title="United States five-dollar bill">Five-dollar bill</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore_Anniversary_coins" title="Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins">Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">Postage stamps</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Association" title="Abraham Lincoln Association">Abraham Lincoln Association</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Institute" title="Abraham Lincoln Institute">Abraham Lincoln Institute</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Lincoln_Presenters" title="Association of Lincoln Presenters">Association of Lincoln Presenters</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/USS_Abraham_Lincoln_(SSBN-602)" title="USS Abraham Lincoln (SSBN-602)">USS <i>Abraham Lincoln</i> (1960,</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/USS_Abraham_Lincoln_(CVN-72)" title="USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72)">1988)</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Here_I_Grew_Up" title="Here I Grew Up">Here I Grew Up</a></i> mosaic</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Highway" title="Lincoln Highway">Lincoln Highway</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_Nebraska" title="Lincoln, Nebraska">Lincoln, Nebraska</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Park" title="Lincoln Park">Lincoln Park (Chicago)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Park_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Lincoln Park (Washington, D.C.)">Lincoln Park (D.C.)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Prize" title="Lincoln Prize">Lincoln Prize</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Heritage_Trail" title="Lincoln Heritage Trail">Lincoln Heritage Trail</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Trail_State_Memorial" title="Lincoln Trail State Memorial">Lincoln Trail State Memorial</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Kennedy_coincidences_urban_legend" title="Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences urban legend">Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Great_Moments_with_Mr._Lincoln" title="Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln">Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%27s_ghost" title="Lincoln's ghost">White House ghost</a></li></ul>
</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Statues" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_statues_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="List of statues of Abraham Lincoln">Statues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lincoln Memorial</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(Lincoln_Memorial)" title="Statue of Abraham Lincoln (Lincoln Memorial)">statue</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial_Reflecting_Pool" title="Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool">reflecting pool</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln:_The_Man" title="Abraham Lincoln: The Man"><i>Abraham Lincoln: The Man</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln:_The_Head_of_State" title="Abraham Lincoln: The Head of State"><i>Abraham Lincoln: The Head of State</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_the_Lawyer" title="Lincoln the Lawyer"><i>Lincoln the Lawyer</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Young_Abe_Lincoln" title="Young Abe Lincoln"><i>Young Abe Lincoln</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Memorial" title="Emancipation Memorial">Emancipation Memorial</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Soldiers%27_and_Sailors%27_Arch" title="Soldiers' and Sailors' Arch">Brooklyn relief</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(Cincinnati)" title="Statue of Abraham Lincoln (Cincinnati)">Cincinnati</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(District_of_Columbia_City_Hall)" title="Statue of Abraham Lincoln (District of Columbia City Hall)">D.C. City Hall</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(Hodgenville,_Kentucky)" title="Statue of Abraham Lincoln (Hodgenville, Kentucky)">Hodgenville, Kentucky</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_(relief_by_Schwarz)" title="Abraham Lincoln (relief by Schwarz)">Indianapolis relief</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Memorial_Monument" title="Abraham Lincoln Memorial Monument">Laramie, Wyoming</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(Lincoln,_Nebraska)" title="Statue of Abraham Lincoln (Lincoln, Nebraska)">Lincoln, Nebraska</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Young_Lincoln" title="The Young Lincoln">Los Angeles</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial_at_Waterfront_Park" title="Lincoln Memorial at Waterfront Park">Louisville, Kentucky</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seated_Lincoln_(Borglum)" title="Seated Lincoln (Borglum)">Newark, New Jersey</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(New_York_City)" title="Statue of Abraham Lincoln (New York City)">New York City</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_Square#Lincoln" title="Parliament Square">Parliament Square, London</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Monument_(Philadelphia)" title="Lincoln Monument (Philadelphia)">Philadelphia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bust_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(Borglum)" title="Bust of Abraham Lincoln (Borglum)">U.S. Capitol bust</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(U.S._Capitol)" title="Statue of Abraham Lincoln (U.S. Capitol)">U.S. Capitol statue</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Monument_(Wabash,_Indiana)" title="Lincoln Monument (Wabash, Indiana)">Wabash, Indiana</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_family" title="Lincoln family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_family" title="Lincoln family">Family tree</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Todd_Lincoln" title="Mary Todd Lincoln">Mary Todd Lincoln</a> (wife)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Todd_Lincoln" title="Robert Todd Lincoln">Robert Todd Lincoln</a> (son)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Baker_Lincoln" title="Edward Baker Lincoln">Edward Baker Lincoln</a> (son)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Wallace_Lincoln" title="William Wallace Lincoln">William Wallace Lincoln</a> (son)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tad_Lincoln" title="Tad Lincoln">Thomas "Tad" Lincoln III</a> (son)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mamie_Lincoln_Isham" title="Mamie Lincoln Isham">Mary Todd "Mamie" Lincoln</a> (granddaughter)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Harlan_Lincoln" title="Jessie Harlan Lincoln">Jessie Harlan Lincoln</a> (granddaughter)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lincoln" title="Thomas Lincoln">Thomas Lincoln</a> (father)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Lincoln" title="Nancy Lincoln">Nancy Hanks Lincoln</a> (mother)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Bush_Lincoln" title="Sarah Bush Lincoln">Sarah Bush Lincoln</a> (stepmother)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Lincoln_Grigsby" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarah Lincoln Grigsby">Sarah Lincoln Grigsby</a> (sister)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_(captain)" title="Abraham Lincoln (captain)">Abraham Lincoln</a> (grandfather)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mordecai_Lincoln" title="Mordecai Lincoln">Mordecai Lincoln</a> (uncle)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lincoln_Crume" title="Mary Lincoln Crume">Mary Lincoln Crume</a> (aunt)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Hanks" title="John Hanks">John Hanks</a> (cousin)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hanks" title="Joseph Hanks">Joseph Hanks</a> (great-grandfather)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Lincoln" title="Samuel Lincoln">Samuel Lincoln</a> (17th-century ancestor)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lincoln_Beckwith" title="Mary Lincoln Beckwith">Mary Lincoln Beckwith</a> (great-granddaughter)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Todd_Lincoln_Beckwith" title="Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith">Robert Todd Lincoln Beckwith</a> (great-grandson)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Old_Bob" title="Old Bob">Old Bob</a> (horse)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fido_(Lincoln_dog)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fido (Lincoln dog)">Fido</a> (dog)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>
<ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">← James Buchanan</a></b></li>
<li><b><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson →</a></b></li></ul>
<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Abraham_Lincoln" title="Category:Abraham Lincoln">Category</a></b></li>
<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Outline of Abraham Lincoln">Outline</a></b></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Landmarks_of_Washington,_D.C." style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Washington_DC_landmarks" title="Template:Washington DC landmarks"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Washington_DC_landmarks" title="Template talk:Washington DC landmarks"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Washington_DC_landmarks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Washington DC landmarks"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Landmarks_of_Washington,_D.C." style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Landmarks of <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_Memorial_(Saint-Gaudens)" title="Adams Memorial (Saint-Gaudens)">Adams</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/African_American_Civil_War_Memorial_Museum" title="African American Civil War Memorial Museum">African American Civil War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/American_Veterans_Disabled_for_Life_Memorial" title="American Veterans Disabled for Life Memorial">American Veterans Disabled for Life</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Belmont%E2%80%93Paul_Women%27s_Equality_National_Monument" title="Belmont–Paul Women's Equality National Monument">Belmont–Paul Women's Equality National Monument</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune_Memorial" title="Mary McLeod Bethune Memorial">Mary McLeod Bethune</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Boy_Scout_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Boy Scout Memorial">Boy Scout</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan_Memorial" title="James Buchanan Memorial">James Buchanan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_John_Carroll" title="Statue of John Carroll">John Carroll</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_War_Memorial" title="District of Columbia War Memorial">D.C. War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_Memorial" title="Albert Einstein Memorial">Albert Einstein</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Memorial" title="Emancipation Memorial">Emancipation</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower_Memorial" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower Memorial">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Ericsson_Memorial" title="John Ericsson Memorial">John Ericsson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_David_Farragut_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Statue of David Farragut (Washington, D.C.)">David Farragut</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/First_Division_Monument" title="First Division Monument">First Division</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gallaudet_Memorial" title="Gallaudet Memorial">Thomas Gallaudet</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield_Monument" title="James A. Garfield Monument">James A. Garfield</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kahlil_Gibran_Memorial_Garden_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Kahlil Gibran Memorial Garden (Washington, D.C.)">Kahlil Gibran</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gompers_Memorial" title="Samuel Gompers Memorial">Samuel Gompers</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant_Memorial" title="Ulysses S. Grant Memorial">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">Holocaust Museum</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_Genocide_Memorial,_Washington,_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Holodomor Genocide Memorial, Washington, DC">Holodomor Genocide</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Andrew_Jackson_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Equestrian statue of Andrew Jackson (Washington, D.C.)">Andrew Jackson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_American_Memorial_to_Patriotism_During_World_War_II" title="Japanese American Memorial to Patriotism During World War II">Japanese American Patriotism During World War II</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Memorial" title="Jefferson Memorial">Jefferson Memorial</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Memorial_Grove_on_the_Potomac" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson Memorial Grove on the Potomac">Lyndon Baines Johnson Grove</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones_Memorial" title="John Paul Jones Memorial">John Paul Jones</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_the_Marquis_de_Lafayette_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Statue of the Marquis de Lafayette (Washington, D.C.)">Marquis de Lafayette</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Law_Enforcement_Officers_Memorial" title="National Law Enforcement Officers Memorial">Law Enforcement Officers</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lincoln Memorial</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_(Lincoln_Memorial)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham Lincoln (Lincoln Memorial)">statue</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Memorial" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial">Martin Luther King, Jr.</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War_Veterans_Memorial" title="Korean War Veterans Memorial">Korean War Veterans</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_Mason_Memorial" title="George Mason Memorial">George Mason</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_George_B._McClellan" title="Equestrian statue of George B. McClellan">George B. McClellan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_Gordon_Meade_Memorial" title="George Gordon Meade Memorial">George Meade</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Muhlenberg_Memorial" title="Peter Muhlenberg Memorial">Peter Muhlenberg</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Statuary_Hall_Collection" title="National Statuary Hall Collection">National Statuary Hall Collection</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Navy_%E2%80%93_Merchant_Marine_Memorial" title="Navy – Merchant Marine Memorial">Navy – Merchant Marine</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Nuns_of_the_Battlefield" title="Nuns of the Battlefield">Nuns of the Battlefield</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Monument" title="Peace Monument">Peace Monument</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing_General_of_the_Armies" title="John J. Pershing General of the Armies">John J. Pershing</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Second_Division_Memorial" title="Second Division Memorial">Second Division</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_the_56_Signers_of_the_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence">Signers of the Declaration of Independence</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Extra_Mile" title="The Extra Mile">The Extra Mile</a></li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Soldiers_(statue)" title="Three Soldiers (statue)">Three Soldiers</a></i></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_the_Comte_de_Rochambeau" title="Statue of the Comte de Rochambeau">Jean de Rochambeau</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt_Memorial" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial">Franklin Delano Roosevelt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Island" title="Theodore Roosevelt Island">Theodore Roosevelt Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Taras_Shevchenko_Memorial" title="Taras Shevchenko Memorial">Taras Shevchenko</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Statues_of_the_Liberators" title="Statues of the Liberators">Statues of the Liberators</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Straus_Memorial" title="Oscar Straus Memorial">Oscar Straus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft_Memorial" title="Robert A. Taft Memorial">Robert A. Taft</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Titanic_Memorial_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Titanic Memorial (Washington, D.C.)"><i>Titanic</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Memorial" title="United States Navy Memorial">United States Navy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Victims_of_Communism_Memorial" title="Victims of Communism Memorial">Victims of Communism</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Veterans_Memorial" title="Vietnam Veterans Memorial">Vietnam Veterans</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Women%27s_Memorial" title="Vietnam Women's Memorial">Vietnam Women's</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument" title="Washington Monument">Washington Monument</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster_Memorial" title="Daniel Webster Memorial">Daniel Webster</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_World_War_I_Memorial_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="National World War I Memorial (Washington, D.C.)">World War I</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_World_War_II_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="National World War II Memorial">World War II</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Pool" title="Rainbow Pool">Rainbow Pool</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_the_National_Shrine_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Basilica of the National Shrine of the Immaculate Conception">Basilica of the Immaculate Conception</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Blair_House" title="Blair House">Blair House</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Reflecting_Pool" title="Capitol Reflecting Pool">Capitol Reflecting Pool</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Cemetery" title="Congressional Cemetery">Congressional Cemetery</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/DAR_Constitution_Hall" title="DAR Constitution Hall">DAR Constitution Hall</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass_National_Historic_Site" title="Frederick Douglass National Historic Site">Frederick Douglass National Historic Site</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Exorcist_steps" title="Exorcist steps"><i>Exorcist</i> steps</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ford%27s_Theatre" title="Ford's Theatre">Ford's Theatre</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petersen_House" title="Petersen House">Petersen House</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Healy_Hall" title="Healy Hall">Healy Hall</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Center_of_Washington" title="Islamic Center of Washington">Islamic Center</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Pier" title="Jefferson Pier">Jefferson Pier</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts">John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Building" title="Thomas Jefferson Building">Jefferson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Building" title="John Adams Building">Adams</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Memorial_Building" title="James Madison Memorial Building">Madison</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Arboretum" title="United States National Arboretum">National Arboretum</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Capitol_Columns" title="National Capitol Columns">National Capitol Columns</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Building_Museum" title="National Building Museum">National Building Museum</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/President_Lincoln%27s_Cottage_at_the_Soldiers%27_Home" title="President Lincoln's Cottage at the Soldiers' Home">Lincoln's Cottage at Soldiers' Home</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial_Reflecting_Pool" title="Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool">Lincoln Memorial Reflecting Pool</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_Building" title="National Archives Building">National Archives</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Washington_National_Cathedral" title="Washington National Cathedral">National Cathedral</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Mall" title="National Mall">National Mall</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Octagon_House" title="The Octagon House">Octagon House</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Old_Post_Office_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Old Post Office (Washington, D.C.)">Old Post Office</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Old_Stone_House_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Old Stone House (Washington, D.C.)">Old Stone House</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Episcopal_Church,_Lafayette_Square" title="St. John's Episcopal Church, Lafayette Square">St. John's Episcopal Church</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Arts_of_War_and_The_Arts_of_Peace" title="The Arts of War and The Arts of Peace"><i>The Arts of War</i> and <i>The Arts of Peace</i></a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_Basin" title="Tidal Basin">Tidal Basin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Treasury_Building_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Treasury Building (Washington, D.C.)">Treasury Building</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedman%27s_Bank_Building" title="Freedman's Bank Building">Freedman's Bank Building</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_Place" title="Tudor Place">Tudor Place</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Union_Station" title="Washington Union Station">Union Station</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Hill" title="Capitol Hill">Capitol Hill</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_dome" title="United States Capitol dome">Dome</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">Rotunda</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court_Building" title="United States Supreme Court Building">United States Supreme Court Building</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_complex" title="Watergate complex">Watergate complex</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Willard_InterContinental_Washington" title="Willard InterContinental Washington">Willard Hotel</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parks<br />and plazas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Gardens" title="Constitution Gardens">Constitution Gardens</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dupont_Circle" title="Dupont Circle">Dupont Circle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/East_Potomac_Park" title="East Potomac Park">East Potomac Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Farragut_Square" title="Farragut Square">Farragut Square</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Plaza" title="Freedom Plaza">Freedom Plaza</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Square,_Washington,_D.C." title="Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C.">Lafayette Square</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/L%27Enfant_Plaza" title="L'Enfant Plaza">L'Enfant Plaza</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_Hill_Park" title="Meridian Hill Park">Meridian Hill Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Arboretum" title="United States National Arboretum">National Arboretum</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_World_War_I_Memorial_(Washington,_D.C.)#Pershing_Park" title="National World War I Memorial (Washington, D.C.)">Pershing Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Creek_Park" title="Rock Creek Park">Rock Creek Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Ellipse" title="The Ellipse">The Ellipse</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Union_Square_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Union Square (Washington, D.C.)">Union Square</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Botanic_Garden" title="United States Botanic Garden">United States Botanic Garden</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/West_Potomac_Park" title="West Potomac Park">West Potomac Park</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Boundaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anacostia_River" title="Anacostia River">Anacostia River</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_Memorial_Bridge" title="Arlington Memorial Bridge">Arlington Memorial Bridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_markers_of_the_original_District_of_Columbia" title="Boundary markers of the original District of Columbia">Boundary markers of the original District of Columbia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_and_Ohio_Canal" title="Chesapeake and Ohio Canal">Chesapeake and Ohio Canal</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Avenue" title="Constitution Avenue">Constitution Avenue</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Key_Bridge_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Key Bridge (Washington, D.C.)">Francis Scott Key Bridge</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Avenue" title="Pennsylvania Avenue">Pennsylvania Avenue</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac River</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Zero_Milestone" title="Zero Milestone">Zero Milestone</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nearby<br />landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_(Arlington)" title="Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Arlington)">Tomb of the Unknown Soldier</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Eternal_Flame" title="John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame">John F. Kennedy gravesite</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Arlington_House,_The_Robert_E._Lee_Memorial" title="Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial">Arlington House</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Corps_War_Memorial" title="Marine Corps War Memorial">Marine Corps War Memorial</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon" title="Mount Vernon">Mount Vernon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Carillon" title="Netherlands Carillon">Netherlands Carillon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">Pentagon</a>
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentagon_Memorial" title="Pentagon Memorial">Pentagon Memorial</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Memorial" title="United States Air Force Memorial">United States Air Force Memorial</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Military_Service_for_America_Memorial" title="Women in Military Service for America Memorial">Women in Military Service for America Memorial</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_Memorial" title="Adams Memorial">Adams Memorial</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Desert_Storm_and_Desert_Shield_Memorial" title="National Desert Storm and Desert Shield Memorial">National Desert Storm and Desert Shield Memorial</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberty_Memorial" title="National Liberty Memorial">National Liberty Memorial</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Corps_Commemorative" title="Peace Corps Commemorative">Peace Corps Commemorative</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canceled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Memorial_Building" title="George Washington Memorial Building">George Washington Memorial Building</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Star_Mothers_National_Monument" title="Gold Star Mothers National Monument">Gold Star Mothers National Monument</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mammy_memorial" title="Mammy memorial">Mammy memorial</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Slave_Memorial" title="National Slave Memorial">National Slave Memorial</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Memorial_Advisory_Commission" title="National Capital Memorial Advisory Commission">National Capital Memorial Advisory Commission</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Mall_and_Memorial_Parks" title="National Mall and Memorial Parks">National Mall and Memorial Parks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Washington,_D.C." title="List of National Historic Landmarks in Washington, D.C.">List of National Historic Landmarks in Washington, D.C.</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Washington,_D.C." title="National Register of Historic Places listings in Washington, D.C.">National Register of Historic Places in Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_Washington,_D.C." title="List of public art in Washington, D.C.">Public art in Washington, D.C.</a> (<a href="/wiki/American_Revolution_Statuary" title="American Revolution Statuary">American Revolution Statuary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Monuments_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Civil War Monuments in Washington, D.C.">Civil War Monuments</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_artworks_commemorating_African_Americans_in_Washington,_D.C." title="List of artworks commemorating African Americans in Washington, D.C.">Commemorating African-Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Outdoor_sculpture_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Outdoor sculpture in Washington, D.C.">Outdoor sculpture</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Daniel_Chester_French" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Daniel_Chester_French" title="Template:Daniel Chester French"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Daniel_Chester_French" title="Template talk:Daniel Chester French"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Daniel_Chester_French" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Daniel Chester French"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Daniel_Chester_French" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Chester_French" title="Daniel Chester French">Daniel Chester French</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sculptures<br />(<a href="/wiki/Public_sculptures_by_Daniel_Chester_French" title="Public sculptures by Daniel Chester French">public</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Minute_Man" title="The Minute Man">The Minute Man</a></i> (1874)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_John_Harvard" title="Statue of John Harvard">John Harvard</a></i> (1884)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Memory_(French)" title="Memory (French)">Memory</a></i> (1886–1887)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Gallaudet_Memorial" title="Gallaudet Memorial">Thomas Gallaudet Memorial</a></i> (1889)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Lewis_Cass" title="Statue of Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a></i> (1889)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Death_and_the_Sculptor" title="Death and the Sculptor">Death and the Sculptor</a></i> (1889)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Thomas_Starr_King_(San_Francisco)" title="Statue of Thomas Starr King (San Francisco)">Thomas Starr King</a></i> (1892)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Boyle_O%27Reilly_Memorial" title="John Boyle O'Reilly Memorial">John Boyle O'Reilly Memorial</a></i> (1896)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/T._A._Chapman_Memorial" title="T. A. Chapman Memorial">T. A. Chapman Memorial</a> (1896–1897)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Morris_Hunt_Memorial" title="Richard Morris Hunt Memorial">Richard Morris Hunt Memorial</a> (1898)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Rufus_Choate" title="Statue of Rufus Choate">Rufus Choate</a></i> (1898)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Equestrian statue of Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></i> (1899)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_George_H._Perkins" title="Statue of George H. Perkins">George H. Perkins</a></i> (1902)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Joseph_Hooker" title="Equestrian statue of Joseph Hooker">Joseph Hooker</a></i> (1903)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Alma_Mater_(New_York_sculpture)" title="Alma Mater (New York sculpture)">Alma Mater</a></i> (1903–1904)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Colonel_James_Anderson_Monument" title="Colonel James Anderson Monument">Colonel James Anderson Monument</a> (1904)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_William_Francis_Bartlett" title="Statue of William Francis Bartlett">William Francis Bartlett</a></i> (1904)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Four_Continents_(French)" title="Four Continents (French)">Four Continents</a></i> (1905–1907)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Charles_Devens" title="Equestrian statue of Charles Devens">Charles Devens</a></i> (1906)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Progress_of_the_State" title="Progress of the State">Progress of the State</a></i> (1906)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/James_Oglethorpe_Monument" title="James Oglethorpe Monument">James Oglethorpe Monument</a> (1907–1910)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_George_Frisbie_Hoar" title="Statue of George Frisbie Hoar">George Frisbie Hoar</a></i> (1908)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Alger_Memorial_Fountain" title="Russell Alger Memorial Fountain">Russell Alger Memorial Fountain</a> (1913–1921)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Samuel_Spencer" title="Statue of Samuel Spencer">Samuel Spencer</a></i> (1910)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(Lincoln,_Nebraska)" title="Statue of Abraham Lincoln (Lincoln, Nebraska)">Statue of Abraham Lincoln</a> (Lincoln, Nebraska; 1912)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Butt%E2%80%93Millet_Memorial_Fountain" title="Butt–Millet Memorial Fountain">Butt–Millet Memorial Fountain</a> (1913)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_(statue)" title="Wisconsin (statue)">Wisconsin</a></i> (1913–1914)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Life" title="The Spirit of Life">The Spirit of Life</a></i> (1914)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Wendell_Phillips" title="Statue of Wendell Phillips">Wendell Phillips</a></i> (1914)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Memorial" title="Lafayette Memorial">Lafayette Memorial</a> (1917)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_The_Republic" title="Statue of The Republic"><i>The Republic</i></a> (1918; replica of 1893 statue)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Anne_Dodge_Memorial" title="Ruth Anne Dodge Memorial">Ruth Anne Dodge Memorial</a> (1918)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Abraham_Lincoln_(Lincoln_Memorial)" title="Statue of Abraham Lincoln (Lincoln Memorial)">Abraham Lincoln</a></i> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lincoln Memorial</a>; 1920)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dupont_Circle_Fountain" title="Dupont Circle Fountain">Dupont Circle Fountain</a> (1921)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_the_Marquis_de_Lafayette_(Lafayette_College)" title="Statue of the Marquis de Lafayette (Lafayette College)">Marquis de Lafayette</a></i> (1921)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Tredway_White_Memorial" title="Alfred Tredway White Memorial">Alfred Tredway White Memorial</a></i> (1923)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/First_Division_Monument" title="First Division Monument"><i>Victory</i> statue, First Division Monument</a> (1924)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_Robert_White_Memorial" title="George Robert White Memorial">George Robert White Memorial</a> (1924)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving_Memorial" title="Washington Irving Memorial">Washington Irving Memorial</a> (1925–1926)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Memorial" title="Westinghouse Memorial">Westinghouse Memorial</a> (1926–1930)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Seward_Memorial" title="William Henry Seward Memorial">William Henry Seward Memorial</a> (1930)</li>
<li><i><a href="/wiki/Beneficence_(statue)" title="Beneficence (statue)">Beneficence</a></i> (1930)</li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_George_Washington_(Paris)" title="Equestrian statue of George Washington (Paris)">Equestrian statue of George Washington</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a> (1917)</li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chesterwood_(Massachusetts)" title="Chesterwood (Massachusetts)">Chesterwood</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_F._French" title="Henry F. French">Henry Flagg French (father)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_M.R._French" class="mw-redirect" title="William M.R. French">William M.R. French (brother)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Richardson" title="William M. Richardson">William M. Richardson (grandfather)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Munson" title="Audrey Munson">Audrey Munson (model)</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Berkshire_Theatre_Festival" title="Berkshire Theatre Festival">Berkshire Playhouse</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/National_Sculpture_Society" title="National Sculpture Society">National Sculpture Society</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Minute_Man_National_Historical_Park" title="Minute Man National Historical Park">Minute Man National Historical Park</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lexington%E2%80%93Concord_Sesquicentennial_half_dollar" title="Lexington–Concord Sesquicentennial half dollar">Lexington–Concord Sesquicentennial half dollar</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Streets_and_highways_of_Washington,_D.C." style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Streets_in_Washington,_DC" title="Template:Streets in Washington, DC"><abbr title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Streets_in_Washington,_DC" title="Template talk:Streets in Washington, DC"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Streets_in_Washington,_DC" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Streets in Washington, DC"><abbr title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Streets_and_highways_of_Washington,_D.C." style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Streets_and_highways_of_Washington,_D.C." title="Streets and highways of Washington, D.C.">Streets and highways of Washington, D.C.</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Numbered streets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/7th_Street_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="7th Street (Washington, D.C.)">7th Street</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/14th_Street_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="14th Street (Washington, D.C.)">14th Street</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/16th_Street_NW" title="16th Street NW">16th Street NW</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/18th_Street_NW" title="18th Street NW">18th Street NW</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lettered streets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/F_Street_(Washington,_D.C.)" class="mw-redirect" title="F Street (Washington, D.C.)">F Street</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/H_Street_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="H Street (Washington, D.C.)">H Street</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/K_Street_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="K Street (Washington, D.C.)">K Street</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/M_Street_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="M Street (Washington, D.C.)">M Street</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/P_Street" title="P Street">P Street</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/U_Street_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="U Street (Washington, D.C.)">U Street</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state-named_roadways_in_Washington,_D.C." title="List of state-named roadways in Washington, D.C.">State-named<br />roadways</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Avenue" title="Connecticut Avenue">Connecticut</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Avenue" title="Florida Avenue">Florida</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Avenue" title="Georgia Avenue">Georgia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Avenue" title="Maine Avenue">Maine</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Avenue_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Massachusetts Avenue (Washington, D.C.)">Massachusetts</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Avenue_(Washington,_D.C.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Missouri Avenue (Washington, D.C.)">Missouri</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Avenue" title="New Hampshire Avenue">New Hampshire</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Avenue_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="New York Avenue (Washington, D.C.)">New York</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Drive" title="Ohio Drive">Ohio</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Avenue" title="Pennsylvania Avenue">Pennsylvania</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Avenue" title="Rhode Island Avenue">Rhode Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Avenue" title="Virginia Avenue">Virginia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Avenue" title="West Virginia Avenue">West Virginia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Avenue" title="Wisconsin Avenue">Wisconsin</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Border avenues<br />and streets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li>Capitol Streets
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Capitol_Street" title="North Capitol Street">North</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/East_Capitol_Street" title="East Capitol Street">East</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/South_Capitol_Street" title="South Capitol Street">South</a></li></ul></li>
<li>Border Avenues
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Avenue_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Western Avenue (Washington, D.C.)">Western</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Avenue_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Eastern Avenue (Washington, D.C.)">Eastern</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Avenue_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Southern Avenue (Washington, D.C.)">Southern</a></li></ul></li>
<li>National Mall
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Avenue" title="Constitution Avenue">Constitution</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Avenue_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Independence Avenue (Washington, D.C.)">Independence</a></li></ul></li>
<li>President's Park
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_Place" title="Jackson Place">Jackson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Place" title="Madison Place">Madison</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/East_Executive_Avenue" title="East Executive Avenue">East Executive</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/West_Executive_Avenue" title="West Executive Avenue">West Executive</a></li></ul></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other streets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benning_Road" title="Benning Road">Benning Road</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Black_Lives_Matter_Plaza" title="Black Lives Matter Plaza">Black Lives Matter Plaza</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Road" title="Columbia Road">Columbia Road</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_Row" title="Embassy Row">Embassy Row</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Klingle_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Klingle Road">Klingle Road</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Boulevard_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="MacArthur Boulevard (Washington, D.C.)">MacArthur Boulevard</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Avenue" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Avenue">Martin Luther King Jr. Avenue</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_circles_in_Washington,_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="List of circles in Washington, D.C.">Circles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anna_J._Cooper_Circle" title="Anna J. Cooper Circle">Anna J. Cooper</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Banneker_Circle" title="Banneker Circle">Banneker</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Barney_Circle" title="Barney Circle">Barney</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Chevy_Chase_Circle" title="Chevy Chase Circle">Chevy Chase</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Circle_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Columbus Circle (Washington, D.C.)">Columbus</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Thomas_Circle" title="Dave Thomas Circle">Dave Thomas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dupont_Circle" title="Dupont Circle">Dupont</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Circle" title="Grant Circle">Grant</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Logan_Circle_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Logan Circle (Washington, D.C.)">Logan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Observatory_Circle" title="Observatory Circle">Observatory</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Circle" title="Peace Circle">Peace</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Circle" title="Scott Circle">Scott</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sheridan_Circle" title="Sheridan Circle">Sheridan</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Circle" title="Sherman Circle">Sherman</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Tenley_Circle" title="Tenley Circle">Tenley</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Circle" title="Thomas Circle">Thomas</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Truxton_Circle" title="Truxton Circle">Truxton</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ward_Circle" title="Ward Circle">Ward</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Circle" title="Washington Circle">Washington</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Squares</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farragut_Square" title="Farragut Square">Farragut</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Square_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Franklin Square (Washington, D.C.)">Franklin</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Plaza" title="Freedom Plaza">Freedom</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Square,_Washington,_D.C." title="Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C.">Lafayette</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Park_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Lincoln Park (Washington, D.C.)">Lincoln</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/McPherson_Square" title="McPherson Square">McPherson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon_Square" title="Mount Vernon Square">Mount Vernon</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Seward_Square" title="Seward Square">Seward</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Stanton_Park" title="Stanton Park">Stanton</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Union_Square_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Union Square (Washington, D.C.)">Union</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Washington,_D.C._numbered_highways" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Washington, D.C. numbered highways">Parkways</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Barton_Parkway" title="Clara Barton Parkway">Clara Barton</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Memorial_Parkway" title="George Washington Memorial Parkway">George Washington Memorial</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oxon_Run_Parkway" title="Oxon Run Parkway">Oxon Run</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Creek_and_Potomac_Parkway" title="Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway">Rock Creek and Potomac</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Suitland_Parkway" title="Suitland Parkway">Suitland</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Streets_and_highways_of_Washington,_D.C." title="Streets and highways of Washington, D.C.">Expressways</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/9th_and_12th_Street_Expressways" class="mw-redirect" title="9th and 12th Street Expressways">9th Street</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/9th_and_12th_Street_Expressways" class="mw-redirect" title="9th and 12th Street Expressways">12th Street</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_295_(Maryland%E2%80%93District_of_Columbia)" title="Interstate 295 (Maryland–District of Columbia)">Anacostia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_395_(Virginia%E2%80%93District_of_Columbia)" title="Interstate 395 (Virginia–District of Columbia)">Center Leg</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_66" title="Interstate 66">E Street</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Route_295" title="District of Columbia Route 295">Kenilworth Avenue</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_66" title="Interstate 66">Potomac River</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_695_(District_of_Columbia)" title="Interstate 695 (District of Columbia)">Southeast</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_395_(Virginia%E2%80%93District_of_Columbia)" title="Interstate 395 (Virginia–District of Columbia)">Southwest</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Protected_areas_of_the_District_of_Columbia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#bbeb85;;background:#abdb75;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1063604349"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Protected_areas_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Template:Protected areas of the District of Columbia"><abbr title="View this template" style="background:#bbeb85;;background:#abdb75;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Protected_areas_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Template talk:Protected areas of the District of Columbia"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="background:#bbeb85;;background:#abdb75;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Protected_areas_of_the_District_of_Columbia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Protected areas of the District of Columbia"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="background:#bbeb85;;background:#abdb75;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Protected_areas_of_the_District_of_Columbia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_the_United_States" title="Protected areas of the United States">Protected areas</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#bbeb85;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Cemetery_System" title="United States National Cemetery System">National Cemeteries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battleground_National_Cemetery" title="Battleground National Cemetery">Battleground</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Soldiers%27_and_Airmen%27s_Home_National_Cemetery" title="United States Soldiers' and Airmen's Home National Cemetery">Soldiers' and Airmen's Home</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Historical_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="National Historical Park">National Historical Parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_and_Ohio_Canal_National_Historical_Park" title="Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park">Chesapeake and Ohio Canal</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Site_(United_States)" title="National Historic Site (United States)">National Historic Sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carter_G._Woodson_Home_National_Historic_Site" title="Carter G. Woodson Home National Historic Site">Carter G. Woodson Home</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ford%27s_Theatre" title="Ford's Theatre">Ford's Theatre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass_National_Historic_Site" title="Frederick Douglass National Historic Site">Frederick Douglass</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune_Council_House_National_Historic_Site" title="Mary McLeod Bethune Council House National Historic Site">Mary McLeod Bethune Council House</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Avenue_National_Historic_Site" title="Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site">Pennsylvania Avenue</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_memorials_of_the_United_States" title="List of national memorials of the United States">National Memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt_Memorial" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial">Franklin Delano Roosevelt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Memorial" title="Jefferson Memorial">Jefferson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War_Veterans_Memorial" title="Korean War Veterans Memorial">Korean War Veterans</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lincoln</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Baines_Johnson_Memorial_Grove_on_the_Potomac" title="Lyndon Baines Johnson Memorial Grove on the Potomac">Lyndon Baines Johnson Grove</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Island" title="Theodore Roosevelt Island">Theodore Roosevelt Island</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Veterans_Memorial" title="Vietnam Veterans Memorial">Vietnam Veterans</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument" title="Washington Monument">Washington Monument</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_Memorial" title="World War II Memorial">World War II</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_monument_(United_States)" title="National monument (United States)">National monuments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belmont%E2%80%93Paul_Women%27s_Equality_National_Monument" title="Belmont–Paul Women's Equality National Monument">Belmont–Paul Women's Equality</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/President_Lincoln%27s_Cottage_at_the_Soldiers%27_Home" title="President Lincoln's Cottage at the Soldiers' Home">President Lincoln's Cottage at the Soldiers' Home</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Parkway" title="National Parkway">National Parkways</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore%E2%80%93Washington_Parkway" title="Baltimore–Washington Parkway">Baltimore–Washington</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Memorial_Parkway" title="George Washington Memorial Parkway">George Washington Memorial</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clara_Barton_Parkway" title="Clara Barton Parkway">Clara Barton</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oxon_Run_Parkway" title="Oxon Run Parkway">Oxon Run</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Creek_and_Potomac_Parkway" title="Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway">Rock Creek and Potomac</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Trails_System" title="National Trails System">National Trails</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potomac_Heritage_Trail" title="Potomac Heritage Trail">Potomac Heritage</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Star-Spangled_Banner_National_Historic_Trail" title="Star-Spangled Banner National Historic Trail">Star-Spangled Banner</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Mall_and_Memorial_Parks" title="National Mall and Memorial Parks">National Mall and<br />Memorial Parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Mall" title="National Mall">National Mall</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/African_American_Civil_War_Memorial_Museum" title="African American Civil War Memorial Museum">African American Civil War</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Gardens" title="Constitution Gardens">Constitution Gardens</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/East_Potomac_Park" title="East Potomac Park">East Potomac</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Ford%27s_Theatre" title="Ford's Theatre">Ford's Theatre</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt_Memorial" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial">Franklin Delano Roosevelt</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/George_Mason_Memorial" title="George Mason Memorial">George Mason</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Hains_Point" title="Hains Point">Hains Point</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Memorial" title="Jefferson Memorial">Jefferson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/John_Ericsson_Memorial" title="John Ericsson Memorial">John Ericsson</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War_Veterans_Memorial" title="Korean War Veterans Memorial">Korean War Veterans</a></li>
<li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lincoln</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Old_Post_Office_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Old Post Office (Washington, D.C.)">Old Post Office</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Avenue_National_Historic_Site" title="Pennsylvania Avenue National Historic Site">Pennsylvania Avenue</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Memorial" title="United States Navy Memorial">United States Navy</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Veterans_Memorial" title="Vietnam Veterans Memorial">Vietnam Veterans</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument" title="Washington Monument">Washington Monument</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/West_Potomac_Park" title="West Potomac Park">West Potomac</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_Memorial" title="World War II Memorial">World War II</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/President%27s_Park" title="President's Park">President's Park</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Ellipse" title="The Ellipse">The Ellipse</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_Square,_Washington,_D.C." title="Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C.">Lafayette Square</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Parks-East" title="National Capital Parks-East">National Capital Parks-East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anacostia_Park" title="Anacostia Park">Anacostia</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Belmont%E2%80%93Paul_Women%27s_Equality_National_Monument" title="Belmont–Paul Women's Equality National Monument">Belmont–Paul Women's Equality National Monument</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Capitol_Hill_Parks" title="Capitol Hill Parks">Capitol Hill</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Carter_G._Woodson_Home_National_Historic_Site" title="Carter G. Woodson Home National Historic Site">Carter G. Woodson Home</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Civil_War_Defenses_of_Washington" title="Civil War Defenses of Washington">Fort Circle</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Dupont_Park" title="Fort Dupont Park">Fort Dupont</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Stanton_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Fort Stanton (Washington, D.C.)">Fort Stanton</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass_National_Historic_Site" title="Frederick Douglass National Historic Site">Frederick Douglass</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Kenilworth_Park_and_Aquatic_Gardens" title="Kenilworth Park and Aquatic Gardens">Kenilworth</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune_Council_House_National_Historic_Site" title="Mary McLeod Bethune Council House National Historic Site">Mary McLeod Bethune Council House</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Oxon_Run_Parkway" title="Oxon Run Parkway">Oxon Run Parkway</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_Parkway" title="Shepherd Parkway">Shepherd Parkway</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Rock_Creek_Park" title="Rock Creek Park">Rock Creek Park</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Creek_Park" title="Rock Creek Park">Rock Creek</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Barnard_Hill_Park" title="Barnard Hill Park">Barnard Hill</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Bryce_Park" title="Bryce Park">Bryce</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks_Park" title="Dumbarton Oaks Park">Dumbarton Oaks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Slocum_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Fort Slocum (Washington, D.C.)">Fort Slocum</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Georgetown_Waterfront_Park" title="Georgetown Waterfront Park">Georgetown Waterfront</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Glover-Archbold_Park" title="Glover-Archbold Park">Glover-Archbold</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Little_Forest_Park" title="Little Forest Park">Little Forest</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Meridian_Hill_Park" title="Meridian Hill Park">Meridian Hill</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Montrose_Park" title="Montrose Park">Montrose</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Old_Stone_House_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Old Stone House (Washington, D.C.)">Old Stone House</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/Rock_Creek_and_Potomac_Parkway" title="Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway">Rock Creek and Potomac Parkway</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Capital_Parks" title="National Capital Parks">National Capital Parks</a></li>
<li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Memorial" title="United States Navy Memorial">Navy Memorial</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1061467846"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213559#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213559#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213559#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/238773097">VIAF</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4580615-9">Germany</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/place/d32fcbed-0e55-4708-8c10-bf1fe55bc9f4">MusicBrainz place</a></span></li>
<li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://structurae.net/structures/20014034">Structurae</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10647061">NARA</a></span></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div>' |
Whether or not the change was made through a Tor exit node (tor_exit_node) | false |
Unix timestamp of change (timestamp) | '1713448426' |